Table 3.
Description of interventions
| Intervention | Description of intervention | Studies |
| Psychotherapy with focus on cognitive behavioral therapy | ||
| Psychoeducation | Hall et al. (2020), Hallberg et al. (2017, 2019, 2020), Hardy et al. (2010), Holas et al. (2020), Wan et al. (2000), Wilson and Fischer (2018) | |
| Self-regulation/urge management | Bőthe et al. (2021), Hardy et al. (2010), Hallberg et al. (2017, 2019, 2020) | |
| Mindfulness/meditation | Hallberg et al. (2017, 2020), Holas et al. (2020), Levin et al. (2017), Sniewski et al. (2020) | |
| Awareness of thoughts, emotions, beliefs | Hallberg et al., (2020) | |
| Behavioral activation | Bőthe et al. (2021), Hallberg et al. (2017, 2019, 2020) | |
| Exposure | Hallberg et al., (2017) | |
| Identification of risk situations | ||
| Practice | Orzack et al., (2006) | |
| Readiness to change | Orzack et al., (2006) | |
| Skill training: Development of problem-solving skills/conflict management skills/time management/development of coping strategies | Hallberg et al. (2017, 2019, 2020), Orzack et al. (2006), Wan et al. (2000) | |
| Stimulation of motivation/Motivation for change/motivational interviewing | Bőthe et al., (2021), Hallberg et al. (2017, 2019, 2020), Orzack et al. (2006) | |
| Cognitive restructuring | Bőthe et al., (2021), Hallberg et al. (2017, 2019, 2020), Hardy et al. (2010), Orzack et al. (2006) | |
| Cognitive defusion | Levin et al., (2017) | |
| Acceptance | Crosby and Twohig (2016), Levin et al. (2017), Twohig and Crosby (2010) | |
| Identification of values | Crosby and Twohig (2016), Hallberg et al. (2017, 2019, 2020), Levin et al. (2017), Twohig and Crosby (2010) | |
| Self-as-context | Levin et al., (2017) | |
| Commitment | Crosby and Twohig (2016), Levin et al. (2017), Twohig and Crosby (2010) | |
| Identification of goals | Hallberg et al. (2019, 2020) | |
| Relapse prevention/maintenance program | Bőthe et al., (2021), Hallberg et al. (2017, 2019, 2020), Orzack et al. (2006), Twohig and Crosby (2010), Wan et al. (2000), Wilson and Fischer (2018) | |
| Other psychotherapy approaches | ||
| Art therapy: humanistic, insight-oriented, reflective approach that highlighted personal experience and expression of emotions; drawing tasks address consequences of behavior, public and private self, family dynamics, fantasy and reality of addiction, recovery |
Wilson and Fischer (2018) | |
| Experiential therapy: based on the theory and techniques of psychodrama, roleplaying, with philosophical and theoretical underpinnings in existential humanistic psychology, developmental theory, and models of systemic therapy; includes psychodrama therapy, music therapy, family sculpting and Gestalt techniques |
Klontz et al., (2005) | |
| 12-steps approach: Learning how to deal with the feeling of helplessness and take responsibility for own recovery, undertake value-related goals that bring about a feeling of satisfaction |
Efrati and Gola (2018), Hartman et al. (2012), Wan et al. (2000) | |
| Pharmacological treatment | ||
| Opioid-antagonist: Naltrexone |
Raymond et al. (2010), Savard et al. (2020) | |
| Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI): Citalopram, fluoxetine, sertraline, paroxetine, fluvoxamine |
Gola and Potenza (2016), Kafka and Hennen (2000), Wainberg et al. (2006), Raymond et al. (2010) | |
| Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitor (SARI): Nefazodone |
Coleman et al., (2000) | |
| Psychostimulants: Methylphenidate, dextroamphetamine |
Kafka and Hennen (2000) | |