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. 2022 Sep 2;11(3):778–795. doi: 10.1556/2006.2022.00057

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© 2022 The Author(s)

Open Access. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for non-commercial purposes, provided the original author and source are credited, a link to the CC License is provided, and changes – if any – are indicated.

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Fig. 1. — The probability discounting task and data analysis

A: The timeline of one trial in the probability discounting task. “元” represents Chinese currency. 1元 is equal to approximately $0.16. B: Behavioral performance analysis depicts the difference in log(h) values (i.e., probability discounting rates) among sexes (males and females) and groups (IGD and RGU). C: fMRI data analysis depicts the difference in whole-brain activation and effective functional connectivity between sexes (males and females) and groups (IGD and RGU). Specifically, whole-brain activation analysis depicts whole-brain activation associated with risk taking. DCM analysis depicts the modulatory effect of risky choices on the connections between and within ROIs. D: Correlation analysis depicts the correlation between brain activation and log(h) values and IAT scores. Abbreviations: RT = reaction time; IGD = internet gaming disorder; RGU = recreational game user; IAT = Internet Addiction Test; DCM = dynamic causal modeling; L = left; vmPFC = ventromedial prefrontal cortex; ACC = anterior cingulate cortex.