Table 1.
Bivariate analyses: baseline characteristics of patients with and without ICBs (N = 163)
| Total sample (N = 163) | No ICB (N = 106) | ICB (N = 57) | P-value | |
| Mean (sd) or number of patients (%) | ||||
| Sociodemographic | ||||
| Age (years) | 62.5 (7.8) | 63.8 (7.7) | 60.2 (7.4) | 0.0048 |
| Sex (male) | 113 (69.3%) | 72 (67.9%) | 41 (71.9%) | 0.5969 |
| Neurological | ||||
| MMSE score (/30) | 28.5 (1.6) | 28.4 (1.7) | 28.6 (1.6) | 0.4133 |
| Age of PD onset (years) | 55.3 (8.0) | 56.8 (7.6) | 52.5 (8.1) | 0.0012 |
| PD duration (years) | 10.1 (4.4) | 9.8 (4.5) | 10.5 (4.1) | 0.3715 |
| PD treatment duration (years) | 6.9 (4.3) | 6.7 (4.6) | 7.4 (4.0) | 0.3308 |
| Family history of PD (yes) | 36 (22.1%) | 22 (20.8%) | 14 (24.6%) | 0.5764 |
| Hoehn and Yahr stage | 0.9423 | |||
| - 0 | 3 (1.9%) | 2 (1.9%) | 1 (1.8%) | |
| - 1 | 56 (34.6%) | 38 (35.9%) | 18 (32.1%) | |
| - 2 | 60 (37.0%) | 39 (36.8%) | 21 (37.5%) | |
| - ≥ 3 | 43 (26.5%) | 27 (25.5%) | 16 (28.57%) | |
| On dopa UPDRS –III (/108) | 15.2 (10.7) | 15.3 (10.7) | 14.9 (11.0) | 0.8390 |
| On dopa axial sub-score (/32)* | 3.9 (3.8) | 3.9 (3.7) | 3.98 (4.1) | 0.8604 |
| Dyskinesia (presence) | 76 (46.6%) | 51 (48.1%) | 25 (43.9%) | 0.6037 |
| Dyskinesia severity | 0.8 (0.9) | 0.8 (1.0) | 0.7 (0.9) | 0.8118 |
| Dyskinesia type | ||||
| - Chorea | 74 (46.0%) | 50 (47.6%) | 24 (42.9%) | 0.5636 |
| - Dystonia | 17 (16.4%) | 9 (14.1%) | 8 (20.0%) | 0.4257 |
| Psychiatric | ||||
| Family history | ||||
| - at least one substance** use disorder | 97 (59.5%) | 68 (64.2%) | 29 (50.9%) | 0.0997 |
| - at least one ICB*** | 11 (6.8%) | 6 (5.7%) | 5 (8.8%) | 0.5182 |
| Personal history of substance* use disorder before the PD onset | ||||
| - at least one substance use disorder | 29 (17.8%) | 15 (14.2%) | 14 (24.6%) | 0.0975 |
| - nicotine dependence | 24 (15.2%) | 12 (11.7%) | 12 (21.8%) | 0.0898 |
| - alcohol use disorder | 8 (5.6%) | 3 (3.2%) | 5 (10.4%) | 0.1198 |
| - medication use disorder | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |
| - illicit drug use disorder | 3 (2.2%) | 1 (1.1%) | 2 (4.4%) | 0.2511 |
| Personal history of ICB*** before the PD onset | ||||
| - at least one ICB*** | 17 (10.4%) | 5 (4.7%) | 12 (21.1%) | 0.0011 |
| - compulsive sexual behavior | 2 (1.4%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (4.3%) | 0.0994 |
| - binge eating | 9 (5.8%) | 2 (1.9%) | 7 (13.5%) | 0.0070 |
| - pathological gambling | 3 (2.0%) | 2 (1.9%) | 1 (2.2%) | 1.0000 |
| - compulsive buying | 4 (2.7%) | 1 (1.0%) | 3 (6.3%) | 0.0967 |
| - punding behavior | 1 (0.7%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (2.2%) | 0.3129 |
| Personal history of substance* use disorder after the PD onset | ||||
| - at least one substance use disorder | 10 (6.1%) | 5 (4.7%) | 5 (8.8%) | 0.3214 |
| - nicotine dependence | 7 (4.4%) | 4 (3.8%) | 3 (5.5%) | 0.6925 |
| - alcohol use disorder | 2 (1.3%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (3.7%) | 0.1199 |
| - medication use disorder | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |
| - illicit drug use disorder | 1 (0.7%) | 1 (1.0%) | 0 (0%) | 1.0000 |
| Antisocial personality disorder | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Impulsivity dimensions | ||||
| - UPPS-Urgency (/48) | 25.2 (7.0) | 23.6 (5.8) | 28.2 (8.1) | 0.0003 |
| - UPPS-(lack of Premeditation) (/48) | 17.4 (5.0) | 16.9 (4.5) | 18.4 (5.7) | 0.0848 |
| - UPPS-(lack of Perseverance) (/48) | 16.9 (4.6) | 16.5 (4.5) | 17.6 (4.8) | 0.1609 |
| - UPPS-Sensations Seeking (/48) | 22.1 (7.0) | 21.1 (6.6) | 24.0 (7.5) | 0.0128 |
| ADHD | ||||
| - In childhood (WURS-C ≥46/100) | 11 (6.8%) | 4 (3.8%) | 7 (12.3%) | 0.0513 |
| - Persistent in adulthood (WURS-C ≥46/100 AND ASRS ≥4/6) | 6 (3.7%) | 2 (1.9%) | 4 (7.0%) | 0.1847 |
ADHD: attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder; ASRS: adult ADHD self-report scale; ICB: impulsive-compulsive behavior; MMSE: mini-mental state examination; MP: Parkinson's disease; sd: standard deviations; UPDRS: unified Parkinson's disease rating scale; UPPS: UPPS impulsive behavior scale; WURS-C: Wender-Utah Rating Scale-Child.
*: axial sub-score was based on the assessment of speech, facial expression, neck rigidity, arising from chair, gait, postural stability, posture, body bradykinesia; **: “substance” refers to nicotine, alcohol, medication, and illicit drug; ***: “ICB” refers to compulsive sexual behavior, binge eating, pathological gambling, compulsive buying and punding behavior.