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The mechanisms by which microglia respond to aggregated proteins. Firstly, aggregates (Aβ/Tau/α-syn) are recognized by microglial pattern recognition receptors, such as TLR2 and TLR4. Afterward, these receptor binding activates the specific signaling pathways involving MYD88/NF-κB, which leads to transcription of NLRP3 and subsequent enables the release of inflammatory cytokines, namely IL-18 and IL-β. Further, the release of cytokines will induce chronic inflammatory responses.
