Table 2.
Associations between Risk-Mitigation Behaviors and Lifetime Psychiatric Disorders
| Disorder | Estimate | p | adjEst(a) | p | adjEst(b) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Factor 1: Avoidance behaviors | ||||||
| ADHD—I | 0.06 | 0.47 | 0.06 | 0.42 | 0.06 | 0.48 |
| ADHD—C | − 0.02 | 0.84 | − 0.02 | 0.78 | − 0.04 | 0.63 |
| ASD | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.12 | 0.14 | 0.16 |
| Depression | 0.07 | 0.58 | 0.10 | 0.43 | 0.09 | 0.51 |
| Anxiety | 0.20 | 0.005 | 0.19 | 0.008 | 0.21 | 0.01 |
| Behavior | − 0.05 | 0.57 | − 0.06 | 0.54 | − 0.08 | 0.40 |
| Factor 2: Hygiene behaviors | ||||||
| ADHD—I | − 0.07 | 0.40 | − 0.03 | 0.69 | − 0.03 | 0.69 |
| ADHD—C | − 0.20 | 0.01 | − 0.19 | 0.01 | − 0.20 | 0.01 |
| ASD | − 0.08 | 0.38 | − 0.06 | 0.51 | − 0.07 | 0.50 |
| Depression | − 0.23 | 0.06 | − 0.23 | 0.07 | − 0.23 | 0.07 |
| Anxiety | − 0.03 | 0.69 | 0.01 | 0.92 | 0.01 | 0.90 |
| Behavior | − 0.13 | 0.16 | − 0.11 | 0.21 | − 0.12 | 0.21 |
| Mask wearing behavior | ||||||
| ADHD—I | 0.03 | 0.29 | 0.04 | 0.24 | 0.04 | 0.21 |
| ADHD—C | − 0.06 | 0.04 | − 0.06 | 0.05 | − 0.06 | 0.06 |
| ASD | − 0.05 | 0.21 | − 0.03 | 0.43 | − 0.03 | 0.51 |
| Depression | − 0.01 | 0.82 | − 0.01 | 0.91 | − 0.001 | 0.99 |
| Anxiety | 0.02 | 0.42 | 0.03 | 0.38 | 0.04 | 0.20 |
| Behavior | − 0.05 | 0.16 | − 0.05 | 0.22 | − 0.04 | 0.27 |
Adj Est (a): Adjusted for sex, age, SES & single caregiver; Adj Est (b): Adjusted for sex, age, SES, single caregiver, and other psychological diagnoses; Bold font indicates statistical significance (p < .05). ADHD-I: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder inattentive/hyperactive type, ADHD-C: ADHD combined type; ASD: autism spectrum disorder; Depression: any depressive disorder including major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, depressive disorder due to another medical condition, unspecified depressive disorder, substance/medication-induced depressive disorder, other specified depressive disorder, other (or Unknown) substance-induced disorders); Anxiety: any anxiety disorder including generalized anxiety disorder, separation anxiety, social anxiety, specific phobia, agoraphobia, panic disorder, selective mutism, unspecified anxiety disorder, other specified anxiety disorder; Behavior: any other behavior disorder including oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, intermittent explosive disorder, or other specificized disruptive, impulse-control disorder