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. 2023 Jan 24;13(5):3241–3254. doi: 10.1039/d2ra06033g

Composition of typical DESs and their physicochemical properties.

DES composition HBA : HBD mole ratio Freezing point/°C Density/(g cm−3) Viscosity/(mPa s) Surface tension/(mN m−1) (25 °C) Conductivity/(mS cm−1) Ref.
Choline chloride/1,3-dimethyl urea 1 : 2 70 12
Choline chloride/1,1-dimethyl urea 1 : 2 149 12
Choline chloride/benzamide 1 : 2 92 12
Choline chloride/urea 1 : 2 12.0 1.25 750 (25 °C) 52.00 0.75 (25 °C) 25
Choline chloride/glycerol 1 : 2 17.8 1.18 259 (25 °C) 55.80 1.05 (25 °C) 25
Choline chloride/glycerol 1 : 3 1.20 450 (20 °C) 34
Choline chloride/ethylene glycol 1 : 2 −12.9 1.12 37 (25 °C) 49.00 7.61 (25 °C) 25
Choline chloride/butylene glycol 1 : 3 −32.0 1.06 140 (20 °C) 47.17 1.64 (25 °C) 25
Choline chloride/propanedioic acid 1 : 1 10.0 721 (25 °C) 65.70 0.55 (25 °C) 26
Choline chloride/trifluoroacetic acid 1 : 2 1.34 77 (40 °C) 35.90 0.29 (40 °C) 34
Choline chloride/trifluoroacetamide 1 : 2 51.0 1.34 77 (40 °C) 25
Choline chloride/zinc chloride 1 : 2 85 000 (25 °C) 0.06 (42 °C) 25
Choline chloride/chromium chloride crystals 2346 (25 °C) 77.30 0.37 (25 °C) 26
Choline chloride/imidazole 3 : 7 56.0 15 (70 °C) 12.00 (60 °C) 25
Tetrabutylammonium bromide/imidazole 3 : 7 810 (20 °C) 0.24 (20 °C) 25
Methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide/glycerol 1 : 3 −5.55 1.30 58.94 0.06 (25 °C) 25
Methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide/ethylene glycol 1 : 4 −49.3 1.23 51.29 1.09 (25 °C) 25
Methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide/triglyceride 1 : 5 −21.0 1.19 49.58 25
Zinc chloride/glycol 1 : 4 1.45 25
Zinc chloride/urea 1 : 3.5 9 1.63 11 340 (25 °C) 0.18 (42 °C) 25
Ethylammonium chloride/urea 1 : 1.5 1.14 128 (40 °C) 52.90 0.35 (40 °C) 25
Ethylammonium chloride/acetamide 1 : 1.5 1.04 64 (40 °C) 0.69 (40 °C) 25
Choline chloride/adipic acid 1 : 1 85 35
Choline chloride/malonic acid 1 : 1 10 35
Choline chloride/benzoic acid 1 : 1 95 35
Choline chloride/phenylacetic acid 1 : 1 25 35
Choline chloride/phenylpropionic acid 1 : 1 20 35
Choline chloride/oxalic acid 1 : 1 34 35
Choline chloride/citric acid 1 : 1 69 35