Table 2: Levels of endothelial adhesion molecules in patients with atrial fibrillation.
| Author, year, country | Study type | AF type | Sample size | Female % (AF) | Kit | ICAM-1 ng/mL (AF) | ICAM-1 ng/mL (non-AF) | p | VCAM-1 ng/mL (AF) | VCAM-1 ng/mL (non-AF) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Holzwirth et al.32 2022 Germany | Case–control | Both types | 154 | AF: 43.2% Non-AF: 53.8% | Luminex multiplex screening assay (R&D Systems/bio-techne, Minneapolis, MN, USA) | n=21 Median: 330 (IQR: 273–412) SD: 152.94 | n=13 Median: 294 (IQR: 254–362) SD: 120.28 | 0.330 | n=21 Median: 840 (IQR: 699–1031) SD: 365.29 | n=13 Median: 915 (IQR: 860–1116) SD: 207.11 | 0.208 |
| Mendez et al.29 2021 USA | Cohort | Not specified | 2504 | Not specified | Quantitative sandwich ELISA | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified |
| Willeit et al.28 2017 Austria | Cohort | Both types | 909 | Not specified | ELISA kit (Bender MedSystems) | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified |
| Seljeflot et al.13 2012 Norway | Case–control | Persistent | 186 | AF: 29.0% Non-AF: 29.8% | R & D Systems Europe, Abingdon, UK | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | Median: 865 (745–1067) | Median: 832 (734–980) | 0.162 |
| Scridon et al.31 2012 France | Case–control | Paroxysmal | 48 | AF: 17.9% Non-AF: 33.3% | Human sICAM-1/CD54 Quantikine ELISA kits (R&D Systems/bio-techne) | 178.5 ± 8.3 | 161.4 ± 15.8 | 0.36 | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified |
| Scridon et al.31 2012 France | Case–control | Persistent | 42 | AF: 15.1% Non-AF: 33.33% | Human sICAM-1/CD54 Quantikine ELISA kits (R&D Systems/bio-techne) | 179.7 ± 7.0 | 161.4 ± 15.8 | 0.25 | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified |
| Zhang et al.4 2009 China | Case–control | Paroxysmal | 72 | AF: 47.6% Non-AF: 43.3% | Human VCAM-1 ELISA kit (BioSource, Carlsbad, CA, USA) | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | 337 ± 250 | 218 ± 117 | 0.018 |
| Canbaz et al.30 2008 Turkey | Prosp. case–control | Persistent | 64 | AF: 33.3% Non-AF: 20.6% | Standard ELISA | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | 1140 ± 414 | 797 ± 293 | >0.05 |
| Hammwöhner et al.12 2007 Germany | Case–control | Persistent | 40 | AF: 35.0% Non-AF: 40.0% | R&D Systems, Wiesbaden, Germany | 232 ± 12.6 | 196.4 ± 7.65 | ≤0.05 | 800.0 ± 21.1 | 679.1 ± 37.83 | ≤0.05 |
| Chen et al.6 2004 Taiwan | Case–control | Persistent | 22 | AF: 50.0% Non-AF: 37.5% | Diaclone; Besancon, France | 670.8 ± 103.7 | 609.6 ± 111.9 | >0.05 | 716.4 ± 221.6 | 580.9 ± 208.0 | >0.05 |
AF = atrial fibrillation; ELISA = enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; ICAM-1 = intercellular adhesion molecule-1; IQR = interquartile range; Prosp. = prospective; SD = standard deviation; VCAM-1 = vascular cell adhesion molecule-1.