Table 2.
Cardiovascular Characteristics at 2–7 Years after nuMoM2b Index Pregnancy, according to Apnea–Hypopnea Index* Categories
| Cardiovascular Characteristic 2–7 Years after nuMoM2b Index Pregnancy | AHI < 5 in Early Pregnancy and Midpregnancy (n = 1,238) | AHI ⩾ 5 in Early Pregnancy or Midpregnancy (n = 127) | P Value† |
|---|---|---|---|
| BMI | |||
| n | 1,225 | 126 | |
| Mean (SD), kg/m2 | 27.0 (7.1) | 35.2 (9.0) | <0.0001 |
| Category, n (%) | <0.0001 | ||
| <25 kg/m2 | 599 (48.9) | 17 (13.5) | |
| 25 to <30 kg/m2 | 314 (25.6) | 19 (15.1) | |
| ⩾30 kg/m2 | 312 (25.5) | 90 (71.4) | |
| Waist circumference over iliac crest | |||
| n | 1,230 | 127 | |
| Mean (SD), cm | 94.6 (15.1) | 111.6 (19.3) | <0.0001 |
| ⩾88 cm (non-Asian) or ⩾80 cm (Asian), n (%) | 768 (62.4) | 115 (90.6) | <0.0001 |
| SBP | |||
| n | 1,235 | 127 | |
| Mean (SD), mm Hg | 110.8 (10.8) | 116.1 (12.2) | <0.0001 |
| DBP | |||
| n | 1,235 | 127 | |
| Mean (SD), mm Hg | 71.7 (9.5) | 77.4 (9.8) | <0.0001 |
| Hypertension | |||
| SBP ⩾ 140, DBP ⩾ 90, or on antihypertensive medication, n (%) | 76 (6.2) | 20 (15.7) | <0.0001 |
| Triglycerides | |||
| n | 1,223 | 127 | |
| Mean (SD), mg/dl | 93.0 (60.6) | 134.5 (83.8) | <0.0001 |
| ⩾150 mg/dl or on lipid-lowering medication, n (%) | 124 (10.1) | 41 (32.3) | <0.0001 |
| HDL-C | |||
| n | 1,223 | 127 | |
| Mean (SD), mg/dl | 55.6 (12.7) | 49.6 (11.5) | <0.0001 |
| <50 mg/dl or on HDL-raising medication, n (%) | 405 (33.1) | 73 (57.5) | <0.0001 |
| Blood glucose (fasting) | |||
| n | 1,220 | 127 | |
| Mean (SD), mg/dl | 89.9 (14.9) | 96.4 (25.2) | <0.0001 |
| ⩾100 mg/dl or on glucose-lowering medication, n (%) | 175 (14.3) | 31 (24.4) | 0.0027 |
| Metabolic syndrome, n (%)‡ | 172 (14.2) | 51 (40.2) | <0.0001 |
| Time from delivery to HHS cardiovascular assessment | |||
| n | 1,236 | 127 | |
| Mean (SD), yr | 3.0 (0.8) | 2.9 (0.8) | 0.1812 |
Definition of abbreviations: AHI = apnea–hypopnea index; BMI = body mass index; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; HDL-C = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HHS = Heart Healthy Study; nuMoM2b = Nulliparous Pregnancy Outcomes Study: Monitoring Mothers‐to‐be; SBP = systolic blood pressure.
Including all apneas and hypopneas with ⩾3% oxygen desaturation per hour.
P values are shown for chi-square tests for AHI and the categorical baseline characteristics and from ANOVA F tests for AHI and continuous baseline characteristics.
Metabolic syndrome is defined based on the presence of three of five of the following criteria: elevated waist circumference, elevated triglycerides or associated medication, elevated fasting glucose or associated medication, elevated blood pressure or associated medication, and reduced HDL-C or associated medication.