Table 1.
Studies to date. Notes: Tx = treatment; A = anisometropic; S = strabismic; M = mixed; IXT = intermittent exotropia; VGP = videogame play.
| VA change (logMAR) | Stereo improvement (%) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study | Tx (N) | Control (N) | Amblyopia type | Age range, y (mean) | Duration | Tx | Control | Tx | Control |
| Amblyopia | |||||||||
| Waddingham et al. (2006) | I-BiT VGP and video (6) | — | A/S/M | 5.4–7.8 (6.25) | 4.4 hr (20 min × 13) | 0.27 | — | — | — |
| Cleary et al. (2009) | I-BiT VGP and video (12) | — | A/S/M | 6.1–11.4 (8.2) | 3.3. hr (25 min × 11) | 0.17 | — | 50 | — |
| Herbison et al. (2013) | I-BiT VGP and video (9) | — | A/S/M | ?–? (5.4) | 3 hr (30 min × 6) | 0.18 | — | — | — |
| Herbison et al. (2016) | I-BiT VGP (26) | Non-I-BiT VGP (25) | A/S/M | 4–8 (5.8) | 1 wk | 0.07 | 0.07 | — | — |
| I-BiT DVD (24) | — | — | — | — | 0.07 | — | — | — | |
| Ziak et al. (2017) | Diplopia game (17) | — | A | 17–69 (31.2) | 5.3 hr (8 min × 40) | 0.5 | — | 32.7 | — |
| Rajavi et al. (2021) | Binocular VR (25) | Patching 2, 4, 6 hr/day (25) | A/S/M | 4–10 (7.1) | 20 hr (1 hr × 20) | 0.1 | 0.1 | — | — |
| Elhusseiny et al. (2021) | Binocular Tx (11) | Sham crossover (9) | A/S/M with residual amblyopia | 7–38 (9) | 8 wk (Tx) 4 wk (sham)/4 wk (Tx) (1 hr/day) |
–0.02 | 0.02 | 80 (whole group at 8 wk) | |
| Bao et al. (2018) | Dichoptic AR in the natural world (18) | — | A/M | 14–35 | 21 (3 hr × 7) | 0.08 | — | — | |
| Banko et al. (2022) | Stereo AR game (42) | — | A/S/M | Adults (34) | 20 hr | 0.04 | — | 68 | |
| Kids (8.8) | 3 mo | 0.09 | — | 67 | |||||
| Stereopsis | |||||||||
| Vedamurthy et al. (2016) | VR Bug squashing (11) | — | A/S/M or pure strabismus | 19–56 (34.7) | ∼30 hr (1 hr × 30) | — | — | 65 (Randot circles); 35.7 (PDT) | |
| Godinez et al. (2021) | VR PL VGP (20) | — | 10 stereo-norm | 18–62 (28) | 40 hr (30 min × 80) | — | — | 48 (stereo-impaired) | |
| — | 10 stereo-impaired | — | — | — | — | 13 (stereo-norm, floor effect) | |||
| Strabismus | |||||||||
| Li et al. (2019) | Dichoptic VR (25) | — | IXT | 12.3 (5–39) | 1–6 mo | — | — | 3/5 recovered zero-order stereo 2/5 recovered second-order stereo |
|
| Yang et al. (2022) | Dichoptic VG | — | Postoperative strabismus | (7.5) | — | — | — | 3 (0.8 m); 3.8 (1.5 m) | |
| VR (111) | — | — | — | 20 min | — | — | 5.6 (0.8 m); 4.6 (1.5 m) | ||
| AR (125) | — | — | — | 20 min | — | — | — | ||
| Yang et al. (2022) | Dichoptic VR (25) | -0 | IXT | 5–39 (12.3) | 6 mo (2 × 10 min/day) | — | — | Some patients improved | |