Fig. 2.

Proposal of four R’s of response to widespread Pb contamination. The enormity of Pb exposure via municipal water systems requires multiple responses. Immediate Remediation must be done for affected individuals, in terms of providing clean water and dealing with both short and long-term effects of Pb exposure. Renovation of current water delivery systems, at both system-wide and individual site levels, is necessary. Reallocation of resources is necessary to ensure these two responses occur and to get communities ready for potential sequelae of Pb exposure. Research, properly focused can track exposed individuals and illuminate latent (presumably epigenetic) results of Pb exposure and inform further resource Reallocation.