Figure 5.

Akkermansia muciniphila or Bacteroides acidifaciens promote T helper cells polarization. (A) Littermate control mice or TAGAP-deficient mice were oral gavaged A. muciniphila twice a week for 2 weeks (1 × 10⁹), and cells were isolated from lamina propria, and incubated with A. muciniphila or B. acidifaciens for another 3 days (MOI = 50 or 100). Cells were analyzed by flow cytometry as indicated. (B) Littermate control mice or TAGAP-deficient mice were oral gavaged A. muciniphila twice a week for 2 weeks (1 × 10⁹). Colonic tissues were isolated, followed by real-time PCR analysis of indicated gene expression. (C) Littermate control mice or TAGAP-deficient mice were oral gavaged Amuc_1100 twice a week for 2 weeks (10 μg/mouse), and cells were isolated from lamina propria, and incubated with Amuc_1100 for another 3 days (2 μg/ml or 10 μg/ml). Cells were analyzed by flow cytometry as indicated, n = 8. (D) Littermate control mice or TAGAP-deficient mice were oral gavaged pasteurized A. muciniphila twice a week for 2 weeks (1 × 10⁹), and cells were isolated from lamina propria, and incubated with pasteurized A. muciniphila for another 3 days (MOI = 50 or 100). Cells were analyzed by flow cytometry as indicated. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001 based on unpaired T test (C,D). Data are representative of three independent experiments.