Table 2.

Data augmentation parameters that we used in this study.

Parameter names for data augmentation	Parameter value	Action
Rotation range	360	With the rotation from—360 to 360, input data are generated.
Height shift range	0.2	Randomly moved image by 0.2.
Width shift range	0.2	At random, the image's horizontal position is shifted by 0.2.
Shear range	0.2	By a factor of 0.2, slant the image angle in degrees.
Zoom range	0.2	Zoom in or out by 0.2 distance from the middle
Horizontal flip	True	Randomly rotates the image horizontally
Fill mode	Nearest	The closest pixel value is used to fill the gaps