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. 2022 Oct 13;29(1):147–157. doi: 10.1038/s41591-022-02078-6

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Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a, Where PPD-measured anti-RBD antibody levels were available in COV001 and COV002, the differences in vaccine responses by HLA type persisted over time. Differences were tested between the categories ‘Carrying DRB1-71E/R with no DQB1*06’ and ‘Carrying DQB1*06 with no DRB1-71E/R’ using the two-tailed Student’s t-test. Times of sampling are after either first or second (post-boost (PB)) vaccine doses. b,c, Adjusted Cox regression curves with risk of breakthrough infection over time in 1,069 individuals stratified by carriage of HLA-DQB1*06 (b) and HLA-DQB1*06 (c) alleles, accounting for DRB1-71E/R status in COV001 and COV002 vaccine recipients adjusted for age, sex, reported ethnicity, healthcare worker status, BMI and chronic disease status and including sample weighting for dose and interval between prime and boost vaccination. Included individuals had breakthrough infection at least 22 days after first vaccination. Box plot center line indicates median; box limits indicate upper and lower quartiles; and whiskers indicate 1.5× IQR. **P < 0.01 and *P < 0.05. aHR, adjusted hazard ratio; AU, arbitrary units; NS, not significant.