Table 2.
Characteristics of the identified subphenotypes on the INSIGHT cohort
| Variable | Total | Subphenotype 1 (cardiac and renal) | Subphenotype 2 (respiratory, sleep and anxiety) | Subphenotype 3 (musculoskeletal and nervous) | Subphenotype 4 (digestive and respiratory) | P valuea | Post hoc analysisa |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of patients (%) | 20,881 (100%) | 7,047 (33.75%) | 6,838 (32.75%) | 4,879 (23.37%) | 2,117 (10.14%) | ||
| Age in years, median (IQRb) | 58.0 (42.0–70.0) | 65.0 (52.0–75.0) | 51.0 (35.0–64.0) | 57.0 (42.0–69.0) | 54.0 (39.0–67.0) | 0 | 2 vs. 1, 3 vs. 1, 4 vs. 1, 3 vs. 2, 4 vs. 2, 4 vs. 3 |
| Female, no. (%) | 12,188 (58.37%) | 3,627 (51.47%) | 4,294 (62.80%) | 2,962 (60.71%) | 1,305 (61.64%) | 4.91E × 46 | 1 vs. 2, 1 vs. 3, 1 vs. 4, 2 vs. 3 |
| Race, no. (%) | |||||||
| Asian | 945 (4.52%) | 278 (3.94%) | 339 (4.96%) | 237 (4.86%) | 91 (4.3%) | 0.019 | 1 vs. 2, 1 vs. 3 |
| Black or African American | 4,771 (22.85%) | 1,752 (24.86%) | 1,482 (21.67%) | 1,116 (22.87%) | 421 (19.89%) | 4.99E × 7 | 1 vs. 2, 1 vs. 3, 1 vs. 4, 3 vs. 4 |
| White | 7,013 (33.59%) | 2,407 (34.16%) | 2,255 (32.98%) | 1,670 (34.23%) | 681 (32.17%) | 0.174 | – |
| Other | 6,238 (29.87%) | 2,052 (29.12%) | 2,041 (29.85%) | 1,411 (28.92%) | 734 (34.67%) | 5.13E × 6 | 1 vs. 4, 2 vs. 4, 3 vs. 4 |
| Missing | 1,914 (9.17%) | 558 (7.92%) | 721 (10.54%) | 445 (9.12%) | 190 (8.97%) | 2.43E × 6 | 1 vs. 2, 1 vs. 3, 2 vs. 3, 2 vs. 4 |
| Hispanic, no. (%) | 6,838 (32.74%) | 2,227 (31.60%) | 2,277 (33.30%) | 1,554 (31.85%) | 780 (36.84%) | 3.92E × 5 | 1 vs. 2, 1 vs. 4, 2 vs. 4, 3 vs. 4 |
| ADI, median (IQR) | 15.0 (6.0–25.0) | 16.0 (7.0–25.0) | 14.0 (6.0–24.0) | 15.0 (6.0–23.5) | 15.0 (7.0–25.0) | 4.21E × 9 | 2 vs. 1 |
| Index time period of patient, no. (%) | |||||||
| 3/20–6/20 | 6,899 (33.04%) | 2,634 (37.38%) | 2,040 (29.83%) | 1,554 (31.85%) | 671 (31.7%) | 8.52E × 21 | 1 vs. 2, 1 vs. 3, 1 vs. 4, 2 vs. 3 |
| 7/20–10/20 | 1,180 (5.65%) | 394 (5.59%) | 390 (5.70%) | 245 (5.02%) | 151 (7.13%) | 6.06E × 3 | 1 vs. 4, 2 vs. 4, 3 vs. 4 |
| 11/20–2/21 | 8,714 (41.73%) | 2,708 (38.43%) | 3,016 (44.11%) | 2,129 (43.64%) | 861 (40.67%) | 4.75 E× 12 | 1 vs. 2, 1 vs. 3, 2 vs. 4, 3 vs. 4 |
| 3/21–6/21 | 3,390 (16.24%) | 1,112 (15.78%) | 1,113 (16.28%) | 794 (16.27%) | 371 (17.52%) | 0.298 | – |
| 7/21–11/21 | 698 (3.34%) | 199 (2.82%) | 279 (4.08%) | 157 (3.22%) | 63 (2.98%) | 3.47E × 4 | 1 vs. 2, 2 vs. 3, 2 vs. 4 |
| Acute phase severities of COVID-19 (−1 to ~16 days), no. (%) | |||||||
| Hospitalized | 9,076 (43.47%) | 4,309 (61.15%) | 2,207 (32.28%) | 1,855 (38.02%) | 705 (33.3%) | 1.05E × 301 | 1 vs. 2, 1 vs. 3, 1 vs. 4, 2 vs. 3, 3 vs. 4 |
| Ventilation | 495 (2.37%) | 339 (4.81%) | 85 (1.24%) | 54 (1.11%) | 17 (0.8%) | 2.58E × 59 | 1 vs. 2, 1 vs. 3, 1 vs. 4 |
| Critical care | 1144 (5.48%) | 701 (9.95%) | 210 (3.07%) | 174 (3.57%) | 59 (2.79%) | 4.62E × 89 | 1 vs. 2, 1 vs. 3, 1 vs. 4 |
aP value with post hoc analysis: continuous variables were tested by one-way ANOVA, with Tukeyʼs honestly significant difference post hoc test) for normal distribution or by Kruskal–Wallis test (with Dunn post hoc test) for non-normal distribution; categorical variables were tested by one-sided Fisher’s exact test with pairwise Fisherʼs test for post hoc analysis. Post hoc analysis is used to uncover specific differences among subphenotypes—for example, 1 vs. 2: subphenotype 1 and 2 has significant difference.
bIQR, interquartile range.