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. 2023 Jan 24;13:1358. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-28541-z

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Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effects of substrate stiffness on the activation of mechanotransduction and proinflammatory signaling pathways in hGFs. (A) Immunofluorescence confocal laser microscopic images of YAP (green), F-actin (red), and nucleus (blue) with a cumulative bar chart for the percentage of cell populations on YAP localization and (B-D) Western blotting-based expression analysis of p-YAP (Ser397), p-YAP (Ser127), active YAP, total YAP, p-NF-kB, and total NF-kB in hGF-M2 cells cultured on the 0.1wt% collagen-coated polystyrene culture plate and soft, mid, and hard PDMS for 12 h with or without co-incubation with 1,000 ng/mL of LPS. hGFs human gingival fibroblasts, PDMS polydimethylsiloxane, LPS lipopolysaccharide, YAP yes-associated protein, p-YAP phosphorylated Yes-associated protein, NF-kB nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B, p-NF-kB phosphorylated nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B, GAPDH glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.