. 2022 Jan 22;37(2):313–319. doi: 10.1038/s41433-022-01937-3

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics for healthy controls and T2D individuals considering distinct ETDRS groups.

	Healthy controls	ETDRS 10–20	ETDRS 35	ETDRS 43–47	p value (between the three ETDRS groups)^b
	(n = 84)	(n = 23)	(n = 31)	(n = 20)	p value (between the three ETDRS groups)^b
Sex, Male/female	39/45	15/8	25/6	16/4	0.499
Sex, Male/female	39/45	0.08	0.001	0.019	0.499
Age, years	69.2 ± 4.5	69.6 ± 6.0	65.4 ± 5.5	65.6 ± 7.2	0.064
Age, years	69.2 ± 4.5	0.706	0.002	0.213	0.064
Diabetes duration, years	---	18.3 ± 7.3	16.7 ± 6.5	17.2 ± 4.8	0.766
BCVA, letters	---	82.5 ± 4.2	82.7 ± 4.6	81.0 ± 8.2	0.672
HbA1c, %	---	7.0 ± 1.1	7.3 ± 1.1	8.0 ± 1.2	0.008
LOR INL, CSF, µm (40 healthy controls) (p-value^a)	0.015 ± 0.008	0.018 ± 0.014	0.021 ± 0.017	0.023 ± 0.015	0.353
LOR INL, CSF, µm (40 healthy controls) (p-value^a)	0.015 ± 0.008	0.803	0.345	0.032	0.353
RT, CSF, µm (58 healthy controls) (p-value^a)	260.6 ± 18.3	265.2 ± 27.3	270.1 ± 27.1	274.1 ± 23.8	0.549
RT, CSF, µm (58 healthy controls) (p-value^a)	260.6 ± 18.3	0.393	0.162	0.034	0.549
GCL + IPL, Inner Ring, µm (58 healthy controls) (p-value^a)	82.7 ± 5.5	83.0 ± 9.3	77.6 ± 8.1	78.5 ± 6.8	0.098
GCL + IPL, Inner Ring, µm (58 healthy controls) (p-value^a)	82.7 ± 5.5	0.846	0.003	0.018	0.098
VD,SCP, inner ring, mm⁻¹ (p-value^a)	22.3 ± 0.9	21.8 ± 1.2	20.9 ± 1.1	21.2 ± 1.3	0.023
VD,SCP, inner ring, mm⁻¹ (p-value^a)	22.3 ± 0.9	0.098	<0.001	<0.001	0.023
VD,DCP, inner ring, mm⁻¹ (p-value^a)	17.0 ± 2.1	17.1 ± 1.97	16.2 ± 2.2	16.8 ± 2.0	0.279
VD,DCP, inner ring, mm⁻¹ (p-value^a)	17.0 ± 2.1	0.879	0.078	0.792	0.279
VD,FR, inner ring, mm⁻¹ (p-value^a)	23.7 ± 0.9	23.6 ± 1.1	22.6 ± 1.1	22.9 ± 1.2	0.007
VD,FR, inner ring, mm⁻¹ (p-value^a)	23.7 ± 0.9	0.850	p < 0.001	0.030	0.007
FAZ circularity index (p-value^a)	0.69 ± 0.07	0.64 ± 0.16	0.61 ± 0.14	0.57 ± 0.09	0.014
FAZ circularity index (p-value^a)	0.69 ± 0.07	0.636	0.205	p < 0.001	0.014

Data presented as Mean ± SD.

BCVA best-corrected visual acuity, HbA1c glycated haemoglobin, LOR low optical reflectivity, INL inner nuclear layer, RT retinal thickness, CSF central sub-field, GCL + IPL ganglion cell and inner plexiform layers, VD vessel density, SCP superficial capillary plexus, DCP deep capillary plexus, FR full retina, FAZ foveal avascular zone.

Bold values indicate statistical significance p < 0.05.

Data was not collected for dashed table entries.

^aX² test (categorical variables) and Mann-Whitney U-test (continuous variables) for comparison between Healthy Controls and each ETDRS group.

^bX² test (categorical variables) and Kruskal Wallis test (continuous variables) for comparison between the three ETDRS groups.