Fig. 2.

Schematic of mechanisms of classical ADT failure. These mechanisms could be divided into three categories which are AR-related mechanisms, up-regulation of other nuclear receptors, and other survival pathways. In details, AR amplification, AR mutation, and AR variants are three alternative processes to maintain AR signalling. Moreover, higher expression of GR, PR, or ER facilitates CRPC cell growth with distinct pathways. Finally, growth factors, such as interleukin, cytokine, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), are capable to bind growth factor receptors (GFRs) and activate various pathways, including PI3K/Akt, pRB, Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK, and WNT pathways. (By Figdraw ID: RSIRA4ca26)