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. 2023 Jan 24;9:10. doi: 10.1038/s41421-022-00491-2

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Representative microscopy images of a human mature (MII) oocyte (5 samples were analyzed) and early embryos at the following stages: zygote (2 pronuclear (2PN) embryo) (5 samples), 2-cell (4 samples from 2 embryos), 4-cell (13 samples from 3 embryos), 8-cell (9 samples from 1 embryo), morula (12 samples), blastocyst (10 samples). Scale bar, 50 µm. b Box plot showing the number of proteins detected in single oocytes or blastomeres. Median values are shown. c Proteomic PCA of single oocytes and blastomeres during human pre-implantation development. d Number of DEPs (fold change > 2 or < 0.5) at each stage compared with the other stages. e Heatmap of stage-specific proteins including their normalized expression levels (Z-score value), marker proteins (at right), protein numbers (at right) and specific GO-terms (at left). *** represents GO terms of ‘RNA polymerase II transcriptional pre-initiation complex assembly’ and ‘regulation of translation initiation in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress’ at the morula stage. f Heatmap of corresponding maternal-translated (clusters 8–11) and zygotic-translated proteins (cluster 12). Numbers of proteins are shown in brackets. g GO analysis of maternal-translated proteins. Numbers of proteins participated in the terms are shown in brackets. h GO analysis of zygotic-translated proteins. Numbers of proteins participated in the terms are shown in brackets. i Histogram showing the number of de novo expressed ‘prime-state genes’ at each stage. Percentages of de novo expressed ‘prime-state’ proteins to all expressed proteins are shown in brackets. j Identification of biological processes (BP) in embryo development based on analysis of the conserved proteins. Square nodes represent BP terms; circular nodes represent related proteins.