Figure 3.

Characterization of the intratumoral microbiota in pancreatic cancer (PC)

(A) Gastric H. pylori and low levels of intestinal H. pylori were detected in tissue from PC patients but not in tissue from controls.

(B) Researchers believe that most intratumoral bacteria in PDAC patients result from retrograde migration from the duodenum, and the microbial composition of the two is similar.

(C) PDAC contains bacteria that modulate tumor sensitivity to gemcitabine.

(D) The microbiome promotes PC tumorigenesis by inducing innate and adaptive immune suppression.

(E) Methods commonly used by researchers to study microbes in PC tumors.