Table 7.

Mean Comparison of Crisis Response Strategies on Transparency efforts.

	Presence		Absence		t value	P value
	M	SD	M	SD
Denial	3.16	0.93	3.61	0.80	3.812	0.000
Shifting the blame	3.25	0.78	3.62	0.85	3.596	0.000
Minimization	3.18	0.81	3.67	0.82	4.959	0.000
Justification	2.99	0.89	3.67	0.77	6.296	0.000
Bolstering	3.71	0.77	3.30	0.87	4.571	0.000
Corrective action	3.73	0.77	3.31	0.87	4.612	0.000
Apology	3.71	0.79	3.20	0.93	5.248	0.000