Table 3.
Parameter estimates from two-part mixed-effects model on outpatient expenditures.
| Independent variable | First part | Second part | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Estimate | S.E. | OR (95%CI) | P | Estimate | S.E. | Exp (β) | P | |
| Self-medication | 0.223 | 0.024 | 1.250 (1.194, 1.309) | < 0.001 | 0.05 | 0.029 | 1.051 | 0.087 |
| Age | −0.004 | 0.001 | 0.996 (0.994, 0.999) | 0.003 | 0.007 | 0.002 | 1.007 | < 0.001 |
| Gender | −0.094 | 0.032 | 0.910 (0.856, 0.968) | 0.003 | 0.262 | 0.04 | 1.300 | < 0.001 |
| Educational status | 0.002 | 0.026 | 1.002 (0.952, 1.054) | 0.945 | −0.016 | 0.032 | 0.984 | 0.62 |
| Residential area | −0.147 | 0.034 | 0.863 (0.808, 0.922) | < 0.001 | 0.235 | 0.043 | 1.264 | < 0.001 |
| Marital status | 0.015 | 0.035 | 1.015 (0.947, 1.087) | 0.675 | −0.126 | 0.043 | 0.882 | 0.004 |
| Region (Ref: East) | ||||||||
| Mid | −0.068 | 0.031 | 0.934 (0.879, 0.993) | 0.028 | −0.09 | 0.04 | 0.914 | 0.025 |
| West | 0.028 | 0.031 | 1.029 (0.969, 1.092) | 0.352 | −0.124 | 0.039 | 0.884 | 0.002 |
| Self-rated health (Ref: Fair) | ||||||||
| Very good | −0.739 | 0.064 | 0.477 (0.421, 0.542) | < 0.001 | −0.109 | 0.092 | 0.897 | 0.237 |
| Good | −0.493 | 0.045 | 0.611 (0.559, 0.667) | < 0.001 | −0.076 | 0.062 | 0.926 | 0.217 |
| Poor | 0.340 | 0.027 | 1.406 (1.333, 1.483) | < 0.001 | 0.203 | 0.034 | 1.225 | < 0.001 |
| Very poor | 0.705 | 0.035 | 2.024 (1.891, 2.166) | < 0.001 | 0.551 | 0.041 | 1.735 | < 0.001 |
| Number of chronic diseases | 0.206 | 0.008 | 1.228 (1.210, 1.247) | < 0.001 | 0.085 | 0.009 | 1.089 | < 0.001 |
| Per capita household expense | 0.130 | 0.012 | 1.138 (1.112, 1.166) | < 0.001 | 0.231 | 0.015 | 1.260 | < 0.001 |
| Medical insurance scheme (Ref: None) | ||||||||
| NCMS | 0.272 | 0.051 | 1.312 (1.187, 1.450) | < 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.065 | 1.003 | 0.969 |
| UEBMI | 0.313 | 0.063 | 1.368 (1.209, 1.547) | < 0.001 | 0.306 | 0.08 | 1.358 | < 0.001 |
| URBMI | 0.161 | 0.076 | 1.174 (1.011, 1.364) | 0.035 | 0.212 | 0.096 | 1.236 | 0.027 |
| URRBMI | 0.248 | 0.077 | 1.281 (1.103, 1.489) | 0.001 | −0.011 | 0.096 | 0.989 | 0.905 |
| Multiple/other | 0.393 | 0.063 | 1.481 (1.308, 1.677) | < 0.001 | 0.152 | 0.079 | 1.164 | 0.055 |
| Smoke | −0.271 | 0.033 | 0.762 (0.715, 0.813) | < 0.001 | −0.277 | 0.041 | 0.758 | < 0.001 |
| Drink (Ref: No) | ||||||||
| Often | −0.151 | 0.032 | 0.860 (0.807, 0.916) | < 0.001 | −0.291 | 0.041 | 0.747 | < 0.001 |
| Sometimes | −0.015 | 0.043 | 0.985 (0.906, 1.071) | 0.724 | −0.166 | 0.052 | 0.847 | 0.002 |
| Year (Ref: 2011) | ||||||||
| 2013 | 0.121 | 0.031 | 1.129 (1.063, 1.198) | < 0.001 | 0.251 | 0.036 | 1.285 | < 0.001 |
| 2015 | −0.068 | 0.030 | 0.934 (0.880, 0.992) | 0.026 | 0.342 | 0.037 | 1.408 | < 0.001 |
| 2018 | −0.361 | 0.035 | 0.697 (0.650, 0.746) | < 0.001 | 0.495 | 0.043 | 1.640 | < 0.001 |