TABLE 3.
ABO blood group COVID‐19 associations
| Model | COVID‐19 association | N | N‐phenotype (+) | N‐phenotype (−) | N‐diagnosis (+) | N‐diagnosis (−) | OR (95% CI) | p‐value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A versus O | Susceptibility | 618,554 | 33,774 | 584,780 | 1.168 (1.140–1.197) | 1.29 E−36 | ||
| B versus O | Susceptibility | 618,554 | 33,774 | 584,780 | 1.100 (1.060–1.141) | 5.42 E−07 | ||
| AB versus O | Susceptibility | 618,554 | 33,774 | 584,780 | 1.196 (1.136–1.259) | 7.85 E−12 | ||
| A versus O | Severity | 31,415 | 1248 | 30,167 | 1.069 (0.940–1.216) | .308 | ||
| B versus O | Severity | 31,415 | 1248 | 30,167 | 0.921 (0.745–1.130) | .438 | ||
| AB versus O | Severity | 31,415 | 1248 | 30,167 | 1382 (1.08–1.749) | 8.43 E−3 | ||
| A versus O | Length | 1561 | 435 | 1126 | 0.957 (0.759–1.220) | .723 | ||
| B versus O | Length | 1561 | 435 | 1126 | 1.023 (0.683–1.511) | .910 | ||
| AB versus O | Length | 1561 | 435 | 1126 | 0.961 (0.572–1.570) | .878 | ||
| Secretor (−)<−>A versus O | Susceptibility | 97,494 | 5822 | 91,672 | 0.939 (0.812–1.084) | .388 | ||
| Secretor (−)<−>B versus O | Susceptibility | 97,494 | 5822 | 91,672 | 0.870 (0.683–1.100) | .250 | ||
| Secretor (−) <−> AB versus O | Susceptibility | 97,494 | 5822 | 91,672 | 0.705 (0.487–0.998) | .055 | ||
| anti A & anti B | Susceptibility | 618,554 | 261,245 | 357,309 | 33,774 | 584,780 | 0.864 (0.845–0.884) | 5.09 E−37 |
| anti A | Susceptibility | 618,554 | 330,478 | 288,076 | 33,774 | 584,780 | 0.871 (0.852–0.891) | 1.52 E−34 |
| anti B | Susceptibility | 618,554 | 519,250 | 99,304 | 33,774 | 584,780 | 0.960 (0.932–0.989) | 6.61 E−03 |
| anti A & anti B | Severity | 31,415 | 12,229 | 19,186 | 1248 | 30,167 | 0.935 (0.828–1.054) | .273 |
| anti A | Severity | 31,415 | 15,775 | 15,640 | 1248 | 30,167 | 0.891 (0.793–1.001) | .052 |
| anti B | Severity | 31,415 | 26,201 | 5214 | 1248 | 30,167 | 0.968 (0.831–1.133) | .683 |
| anti A & anti B | Length | 1561 | 650 | 911 | 435 | 1126 | 1.033 (0.823–1.295) | .780 |
| anti A | Length | 1561 | 801 | 760 | 435 | 1126 | 1.049 (0.839–1.312) | .676 |
| anti B | Length | 1561 | 1320 | 241 | 435 | 1126 | 0.978 (0.721–1.340) | .888 |
Note: Cohort tally and results from the logistic regression model exploring the effect of ABO blood group, and ABO antibodies on COVID‐19 susceptibility, severity, and symptom length. Model interaction (<−>) between ABO blood group COVID‐19 susceptibility and secretor status are also included. N‐diagnosis tallies the number of persons in the cohort with (+) or without (−) the given diagnosis. The diagnosis in question is denoted in the COVID‐19 association column. N‐phenotype tallies the number of persons with (+) or without (−) a given phenotype. The phenotype in question is denoted in the first column.