Table 3.

A summary of common factors influencing clinical artificial intelligence (AI) implementation from 5 different stakeholder perspectives.

Stakeholder group	Common factors influencing clinical AI implementation
Developers	Understanding clinical needs Producing clinical AI tools capable of adapting to clinical and organizational changes Safeguarding value in a dynamic and uncertain market
Health care professionals	Feeling able to make sense of clinical AI tools in the context of their own practice Accounting for changes to patient and professional relationships Managing disruption to current care pathways
Health care managers and leaders	Anticipating the resources required to enable implementation Engaging all adopters early in implementation Remaining reflexive and reactive throughout implementation
Patients, carers, and the public	Understanding what clinical AI will mean for access to health care professionals Gaining access into clinical decision-making Reconciling varied perceptions and experiences of clinical AI
Regulators and policy makers	Establishing mechanisms for the longitudinal monitoring of the clinical AI tool and implementation context Strengthening the bidirectional influence of policy and practice Achieving clarity over clinical and technical accountability