Table 2.
Bioactivities found for compounds in hemp seed.
| Hemp part | Activity | Model studies | Bioactive compounds | Extraction technique/isolation process/sample preparation | Potential and promising applications | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inflorescences | Antimicrobial Antioxidant | Inhibition activity against total viable and psychrotrophic bacteria, and retardation of peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid, and total volatile basic nitrogen during storage of rainbow trout filets | Volatile organic compounds [essential oil; i.e., (E)-caryophyllene, myrcene, α-pinene, α-humulene, terpinolene, β-pinene] | NG | Active packing Food preservative | (71) |
| Whole and dehulled seeds | Antioxidant | DPPH scavenging activity assay, β-carotene bleaching inhibition assay, TBARS assay | Phenolic compounds (i.e., syringic acid and ferulic acid-hexoside) | Maceration solid-liquid extraction with methanol/water 20:80 (v/v) | Functional ingredient Food preservative | (72) |
| Cytotoxic | NCI-H460 cells (grown inhibition) | |||||
| Antimicrobial | Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Enterococcus faecalis (inhibitory concentration) | |||||
| Antifungal | Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium ochrochloron, Penicillium funiculosum, Penicillium verrucosum var. cyclopium (inhibitory concentration). | |||||
| Seeds (flour) | Antioxidant | DPPH scavenging activity assay. | Phenolic compounds (i.e., ferulic acid, cinnamic acid, epicatechin, protocatechuic acid) | NG | Functional ingredient for bakery products (bread) | (73) |
| Seeds | Neuroprotective | Protection against hydrogen peroxide on cell damage and the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase in a cellular model (SH-SY5Y cells) of Parkinson's disease | Caffeoyltyramide | NG | Functional ingredient Nutraceutical | (74) |
| Seeds | Anti-neuroinflammatory activity | Inhibitory effects on TNF-α release from lipopolysaccharide-induced murine BV2 microglia cells | Lignanamide, coumaroylaminobutanol glucopyranoside, among others | Defatting with n-hexane, extraction using ethanol 95%, and fractionation employing different chromatographic processes | Functional ingredient Nutraceutical | (75) |
| Seeds | Anti-inflammatory | TNF-α and IL-6 gene expression and secretion on lipopolysaccharide-treated human primary monocytes | Phenolic acids (i.e., gallic, protocatechuic, gentisic, chlorogenic, caffeic, vanillic, p-coumaric, ferulic sinapic acids), flavonoids (i.e., vitexin, isovitexin, rutin, quercetin, naringenin, genistin, apigenin, diosmetin), phenolic amides (i.e., caffeoyltyramine, caffeoyloctopamine), lignamides (i.e., cannabisin A, B, and C), cannabinoids (i.e., cannabichromenic and cannabigerolic acids) | Solid-liquid extraction process from defatted (n-hexane) seeds followed by liquid-liquid bio-guided fractionation processes (process 1: acetone and ethanol 50%; process 2: ethanol 75%) | Functional ingredient Nutraceutical | (76) |
| Antioxidant | DPPH and ABTS scavenging activity assays | |||||
| Seeds | Neuroprotective/anti-inflammatory | TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 gene expression and secretion on lipopolysaccharide-treated BV-2 murine cells | Protein hydrolysates | Hydrolysis by alcalase and flavourzyme | Functional ingredient Nutraceutical | (77) |
| Antioxidant | DPPH scavenging activity assay and ferric reducing antioxidant power | |||||
| Seed bran (by-product) | Prebiotic | Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) fermentation (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum 98 b, Limosilactobacillus fermentum MR13, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus C1112) and Prebiotic activity (Bifidobacterium bifidum and Escherichia coli) | Volatile organic compounds as postbiotics produced by LAB fermentation (i.e., p-cymene, myrcene, eugenol) | Solid-phase microextraction | Functional ingredient | (78) |
| Seeds (hearts) | Antioxidant | DPPH scavenging activity assay | Lipids (i.e., linoleic acid, trilinolein, palmitic acid, oleyl oleate, γ-tocopherol, γ-sitosterol) | Ultrasound-assisted extraction using n-hexane, Microwave-assisted extraction using n-hexane, and Cold pressing | Functional ingredient Food preservative Nutraceutical | (79) |
| Seeds and sprouts | Antioxidant | Cellular antioxidant activity in red blood cells, oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay, and DPPH scavenging activity assay | Phenolic compounds (i.e., caffeoyltyramine, cannabisin A, B, C) and lipids (i.e., linoleic acid, linolenic acid, oleic acid) | Solid-liquid extraction by homogenization using ultraturrax and ethanol 80% | Functional ingredient Nutraceutical | (80) |
| Antimutagenesis | Mutagenesis induced by hydrogen peroxide in yeast cells (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) D7 strain |
NG, information not given.