TABLE 4.
Longitudinal multiple regression analyses for Internet addiction.
| Model | Predictors | Young’s Internet addiction test Wave 2 | Young’s Internet addiction test change between Wave 1 and Wave 2 (Mean 2–Mean 1) | ||||||||
| β | SE | t | R2 | F | β | SE | t | R2 Change | F Change | ||
| 1 | Age (year) | 0.72 | 0.11 | 6.41** | 0.38 | 371.9 | 0.25 | 0.13 | 1.94 | 0.23 | 175.1 |
| Sexa | -1.52 | 0.30 | -5.10** | 0.23 | 0.33 | 0.69 | |||||
| Gradeb | 3.27 | 0.50 | 6.49** | 0.04 | 0.57 | 0.06 | |||||
| Residencec | 1.24 | 0.32 | 3.90** | 0.85 | 0.36 | 2.38* | |||||
| Father’s age (year) | 0.11 | 0.04 | 2.49* | 0.11 | 0.05 | 2.37* | |||||
| Mother’s age (year) | -0.12 | 0.05 | -2.75** | -0.15 | 0.05 | -2.91** | |||||
| Father’s highest educational leveld | -0.15 | 0.16 | -0.93 | -0.05 | 0.19 | -0.26 | |||||
| Mother’s highest educational leveld | -0.17 | 0.16 | -1.05 | -0.02 | 0.19 | -0.09 | |||||
| Number of siblingse | 0.46 | 0.33 | 1.41 | 0.48 | 0.37 | 1.29 | |||||
| Family monthly incomef | 0.45 | 0.31 | 1.45 | 0.16 | 0.35 | 0.46 | |||||
| Young’s Internet addiction test Wave 1 | 0.53 | 0.01 | 48.79** | ||||||||
| 2 | PYD attributes | ||||||||||
| Cognitive-behavioral competence | -2.32 | 0.20 | -11.31** | 0.39 | 535.7 | -0.01 | 0.22 | -0.07 | 0.002 | 3.99 | |
| Prosocial attributes | -2.15 | 0.19 | -11.54** | 0.39 | 536.8 | -0.31 | 0.21 | -1.53 | 0.003 | 4.57 | |
| Positive identity | -2.25 | 0.17 | -13.56** | 0.40 | 547.0 | -0.46 | 0.18 | -2.54* | 0.003 | 5.60 | |
| General PYD | -3.26 | 0.22 | -14.75** | 0.40 | 553.8 | -0.15 | 0.24 | -0.64 | 0.002 | 4.089 | |
| Total PYD | -3.35 | 0.22 | -14.88** | 0.40 | 554.6 | -0.26 | 0.24 | -1.06 | 0.003 | 4.27 | |
PYD, Positive youth development.
In model 1, control variables were characteristics in Wave 1.
In model 2, age, sex, grade, residence, father’s age, mother’s age and Young’s Internet addiction test in Wave 1 were statistically controlled in Young’s Internet addiction test Wave 2 model; residence, father’s age and mother’s age were statistically controlled in Young’s Internet addiction test change model; measures of PYD in Wave 1 were included as predictors in the model separately.
*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01.
a1 = Male, 2 = Female; b1 = Primary school, 2 = Middle school; c1 = Urban, 2 = Rural; d1 = Primary school or lower, 2 = Junior secondary school, 3 = Senior secondary school, 4 = Diploma, 5 = Undergraduate or higher; e1 = Only-child, 2 = Non-only-child; f1 = Gross household income (Monthly) was less than 8 K yuan, 2 = Gross household income (Monthly) was more than or equal to 8 K yuan.