Table 1.

Frequency of epileptic activity in EEG and clinical seizures in AIE according to triggering autoantibody and associated seizure manifestation (modified from [226], with permission)

Frequency of seizures (%)	Incidence of limbic encephalitis	Autoantibody and IgG subclass	Distinct seizure manifestation
85–100	High	Anti-GABAB-IgG1
85–100	High	Anti-GAD-IgG
60–100	Low-moderate	Anti-Hu-IgG1,3 [227, 228]
50–100	High	Anti-GABAA(1/2)-IgG1>3	Status epilepticus [70]
40–100	Moderate-high	Anti-LGI1-IgG4	Faciobrachial dystonic seizures [70]
65–75	High	Anti-NMDA1/2-IgG1
50–100	High	Anti-neurexin-3a-IgG
47	Moderate	Anti-GABAA(b3/g2)-IgG1>3
20–65	Low-moderate	Anti-Caspr2-IgG4
30–50	Moderate	Anti-Glycin-IgG
30–40	Low-moderate	Anti-Ma1/2-IgG
33	Moderate	Anti-AMPA-IgG1
10–30	Low-moderate	Anti-VGKC-IgG4
15–25	Low	Anti-DPPX-IgG4 [70]
20	Low	Anti-mGluR5-IgG1 [70]
10–20	Low	Anti-amphiphysin-IgG
15	Low-moderate	Anti-MOG-IgG
Rare	Low-moderate	Anti-CV2/CRMP5-IgG
Rare	Low	Anti-Sox1-IgG
Rare	Frequent	Anti-GFAP-IgG
Rare	Low	Anti-AQP4-IgG
Never reported	Low	Anti-Tr-IgG
Never reported	Low	Anti-Zic4-IgG
Never reported	Low	Anti-IgLON5-IgG4 [229, 230]
Never reported	Frequent	Anti-Adenylat-Kinase-5-IgG
Never reported	Low	Anti-ARHGAP26-IgG

AIE autoimmune-encephalitis, AMPA alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid, ARHGAP26 antibody against human Rho, GTPase activating protein 26, AQP4 Aquaporin-4, Caspr2 contactin-associated protein-2, CV2/CRMP5 Collapsin response-mediator protein-5, DPPX dipeptidyl-peptidase–like protein 6, EEG electroencephalogram GABA gamma aminobutyric acid, GAD glutamic acid decarboxylase, GFAP glial fibrillary acidic protein, Hu antineuronal nuclear antibody 1 ANNA1, IgG immunoglobulin G, LGI1 leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1, mGluR5 metabotropic glutamate receptor 5, MOG myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, NMDA N-methyl-D-aspartate, Sox Sry-like high mobility group box, VGKC voltage-gated potassium channel, Zic4 Zinc-finger protein 4