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. 2023 Jan 12;16:913748. doi: 10.3389/fnbot.2022.913748

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Copyright © 2023 Masengo, Zhang, Dong, Alhassan, Hamza and Mudaheranwa.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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A human-robot bio-cooperative control system. Humans are in the loop regarding biomechanical, physiological, and psychological aspects (Riener and Munih, 2010).