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. 2022 Aug 23;43(1):167–169. doi: 10.1177/0271678X221121853

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Figure 1. — Autotaxin (ATX) release by astrocytes is increased after ischemic stroke, resulting in higher levels of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) which in turn rise the probability of glutamate release leading to hyperexcitability in the penumbra region. This signalling pathway is negatively regulated via LPA uptake by plasticity-related gene 1 (PRG-1).