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. 2023 Jan 25;21:28. doi: 10.1186/s12951-022-01764-4

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Drug-excipients interaction and aptamer conjugation on stealth nanoliposome. a FTIR spectra of apigenin (A), soya lecithin (B), cholesterol (C), DSPE-PEG-2000-COOH (D), BHT (E), Blank formulation (F), the physical mixture of all constituents (G), NLCs (H), PEG-NLCs (I), and Apt-NLCs (J); b Pictorial representation of surface functionalization of PEG-NLCs with modified NH2-AS1411; c Determination of aptamer conjugation by agarose gel. The first three lanes from the left had (Apt-NLCs) showing no sample run, the 4th lane showed free aptamer (AS1411) showing movement, and the 5th lane had DNA ladder; d i, ii, iii represented spectrometric reading for free AS1411, plain nanoliposomes AS1411 conjugated nanoliposomes by nanodrop UV spectrophotometer, (experiment was conducted on triplicate set)