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. 2023 Jan 25;21:28. doi: 10.1186/s12951-022-01764-4

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 6 — Plasma and liver pharmacokinetics of free drug and all the test formulations (NLCs, PEG-NLCs and Apt-NLCs), biodistribution by gamma-scintigraphy studies, and accumulation of FITC-labelled test nano formulations in cancerous and normal hepatic tissues. a Plasma concentration of apigenin vs. time, upon iv administration of NLCs, PEG-NLCs and Apt-NLCs in HCC induced rats, respectively (Data from the three independent experiments show mean ± standard deviation (n = 3); b liver concentration of apigenin vs. time curve, upon iv administration of NLCs, PEG-NLCs and Apt-NLCs in HCC induced rats, respectively (Data from the three independent experiments show mean ± standard deviation (n = 3). (***) significant (P< 0.05) improvement in plasma and liver drug concentration in PEG-NLCs and Apt-PEG-NLCs applied animal Gr in comparison to NLCs over the specific time point as indicated in figure; c γ Scintigraphy imaginings of HCC rats at 4h and 8h after injecting 99mTc-labeled – (NLCs, PEG-NLCs and Apt-NLCs) through venous cannulation process. d Confocal microscopic observation of tumor tissues sections of carcinogenetic rats upon the treatment of FITC-labeled – (NLCs, PEG-NLCs, and Apt-NLCs) at4h and 8 h of administration of iv injection. The figure showed green fluorescence of FITC labeled formulations within the cancerous tissue. The right column showed the photos of the same tissue sections without fluorescence. e a comparative study of fluorescence level in both tumor tissue and healthy tissue by FITC-Conjugated Apt-NLCs, also in tumor tissue by FITC-conjugated NLCs/PEG-NLCs