Table 26.

Clinical Evidence of Malperfusion (“Malperfusion Syndrome”)

End Organ	Clinical Findings
Cardiac	Electrocardiographic changes of ischemia or infarction, troponin elevation, myocardial dysfunction
Cerebral	Stroke and neurologic deficits, coma and altered mental status
Spinal	Paraplegia
Mesenteric	Abdominal pain, bowel ischemia, lactic acidosis, elevation of liver function test results
Renal	Acute kidney injury, oliguria
Extremity	Loss of pulses in ≥1 extremity, sensory or motor dysfunction