Table 1.
Cognitive domain classification under each intervention type.
| Cognitive domain | Intervention type | Study | Cognitive task entered into meta-analysis | Unit of test scores | Results of the chosen taska |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Memory | grape juice | Lamport, et al., [43] (UK) | Visual verbal learning test-Immediate recall | accuracy/% | No changes |
| cranberry juice | Crews et al., [44] (US) | Delayed free recall | correct numbers | No changes | |
| blueberry powder | Miller, et al., [48] (US) | CVLT list A 1 free recall | correct numbers | No changes | |
| Executive function | grape juice | Lamport, et al., [43] (UK) | RVIP correct | correct responses | No changes |
| cranberry juice | Crews et al., [44] (US) | Digit symbol | raw score | No changes | |
| blueberry powder | Boespflug et al., [46] (US) | 2-Back task | arc | No changes | |
| blueberry juice | Bowtell et al., [45] (UK) | 2-Back task | arc | No changes | |
| cherry juice | Chai, S. C., et al., [41] (US) | Digit span | score | No changes | |
| Kent, et al., [50] (Australia) | Digit span backwards task (short-term memory) | score | Final score between groups (P = 0.02) | ||
| Aronia melanocarpa extract powder | Ahles et al., [49] (Netherlands) | The number cross-out task | Correct responses | No changes | |
| Psychomotor speed | grape juice | Lamport, et al., [43] (UK) | RVIP reaction time | ms | No changes |
| cranberry juice | Crews et al., [44] (US) | Trial making task reaction time | total time | No changes | |
| frozen blueberry | Schrager, et al., [47] (US) | Simple reaction time | ms | No changes | |
| blueberry powder | Boespflug et al., [46] (US) | 2-Back task reaction time ms | ms | No changes | |
| cherry juice | Kent, et al., [50] (Australia) | Trail making task reaction time | ms | No changes | |
| Chai. S. C., et al., [41] (US) | RTI reaction time | ms | No changes | ||
| MMSE | grape powder | Calapai, et al., [51] (Italy) | MMSE | score | Change score between groups (P < 0.01) |
| Lee, et al., [52] (US) | MMSE | score | No changes |
arc Arcsine transformation of the square root of the proportion of correct answers, CVLT California Verbal Learning Test, RVIP Rapid Visual Information Processing, RTI Reaction Time Test, MMSE Mini Mental State Examination.
aAll summarised results were compared to the control group.