Table 3.
Economic and technical assumptions for techno-economic analysis.
| Parameter | New batteries | Second-life batteries | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| SOC minimum | 10% | 20% | 43 |
| SOC maximum | 90% | 80% | 43 |
| Self-discharge rate | 0.001% | 0.01% | 43 |
| Lifetime (years) | 13 | 5 | 44 |
| Inflation | 5.5% | 45 | |
| Discount rate | 5% | 46 | |
| Annual PV degradation | 0.5% | 46 | |
| Annual battery degradation | 2.0% | 2.6% | 47 |
| Cost of batteries ($/Wh) | 0.283 | 0.040–0.096 | 41,48 |
| Cost of PV ($/W) | 1 | 49 | |
| Battery O&M cost ($/kWh) | 1.16 | 2.17 | 50,51 |
| PV O&M cost ($/kW) | 9 | 52 | |
| O&M escalator | 2% | 53 | |
| Transportation cost ($/kWh) | 28.02 | 54 | |