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. 2023 Jan 25;13:1391. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-27969-7

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Trauma patients had increased PD1 expression on CD8+ T cells and reduced IFN-γ production by CD8+ T cells as compared to control group. (a) CD8+ T cells in trauma patients grouped by ISS. (b) The patients with a long ICU stay had an increased CD8+ T cells compared to those with a short ICU stay. (c) The expression of PD1 on CD8+ T cells in trauma patients grouped by ISS. (d) The patients with a long ICU stay had a higher expression of PD1 on CD8+ T cells compared to those with a short ICU stay. (e,f) IFN-γ production by CD8+ T cells in trauma patients grouped by ISS and ICU stay, *p < 0.05.