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. 2023 Jan 25;9:9. doi: 10.1038/s41531-023-00455-7

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Sleep parameters were obtained in light-OFF sessions for each animal M1 and M2, OFF-stimulation versus ON-stimulation conditions in healthy (white) and parkinsonian (orange) states with low-frequency stimulation (LFS, vertical lines) and high-frequency stimulation (HFS, dots). a Sleep latency, expressed in minutes (mean ± SEM), for each light-OFF session (1) from 10:00 h to 10:20 h, (2) from 11:00 h to 11:20 h, (3) from 12:00 to 12:20 h for healthy (black line) and parkinsonian (orange line) states with LFS (bold dotted line) and HFS (thin dotted line), b Mean time of sleep latency, expressed in minutes (mean ± SEM), for all light-OFF sessions pooled together by condition, p < 0.05 * different from healthy OFF-stimulation; # different from parkinsonian OFF-stimulation: Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn’s multiple comparisons test. c Occurrence of at least 30 seconds of sleep during all light-OFF sessions, expressed in %, p < 0.05 ǂ different from OFF-stimulation: Fisher’s exact test. d Mean time of sleep duration, expressed in minutes (mean ± SEM), for all light-OFF sessions pooled together by condition. Note in M1 parkinsonian condition the appearance of small episodes of REM sleep materialized in black on the histogram. p < 0.05 * different from healthy OFF-stimulation; # different from parkinsonian OFF-stimulation: Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn’s multiple comparisons test. e Typical 30-s example of EEG and EMG tracings showing cortical desynchronization associated with high muscle tone observed in PPN-LFS condition and, f cortical synchronization associated with low muscle tone observed in PPN-HFS condition.