Table 1.
Effects of chronic 12 h PPN-LFS on daytime and effects on the following nighttime.
| a | DAYTIME | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M1 | M2 | |||||
| Healthy | Parkinsonian | Parkinsonian | Healthy | Parkinsonian | Parkinsonian | |
| (n = 10) | PPN LFS-OFF (n = 11) |
PPN LFS-ON (n = 5) |
(n = 10) | PPN LFS-OFF (n = 14) |
PPN LFS-ON (n = 6) |
|
| SL (min) | 41.1 ± 6.1 | 8.7 ± 2.6 * | 37.9 ± 12.7 # | 55.0 ± 7.2 | 16.6 ± 6.4 * | 64.6 ± 21.8 # |
| REM latency (min) |
69.3 ± 4.6 (30%) |
47.3 ± 12.1 (81.8%) |
N/A (0%) |
582.5 (10%) |
161.6 ± 46.4 (42.9%) |
N/A (0%) |
| # SOREMP/day | 0 ± 0 | 1.7 ± 0.4 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 2.0 ± 0.4 | 0 ± 0 |
| TST (min) | 107.4 ± 8.2 | 115.0 ± 7.7 | 71.6 ± 8.6 *# | 64.8 ± 8.1 | 205.6 ± 17.7 * | 100.1 ± 12.5 # |
| % Stage 1 | 8.6 ± 1.1 | 11.0 ± 0.8 * | 8.6 ± 1.3 | 6.0 ± 0.9 | 18.4 ± 1.2 * | 9.9 ± 0.9 # |
| % Stage 2 | 5.0 ± 0.4 | 3.7 ± 0.5 | 1.3 ± 1.2 *# | 2.9 ± 0.6 | 9.1 ± 2.0 * | 4.0 ± 1.6 # |
| % Stage 3 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.05 | 0.0 ± 0.0 |
| % REM sleep | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.3 * | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.2 * | 0.0 ± 0.0 |
| % AW | 80.6 ± 1.4 | 50.5 ± 2.4 * | 65.3 ± 1.6 # | 85.8 ± 1.8 | 61.6 ± 2.0 * | 75.8 ± 1.8 # |
| % QW | 4.4 ± 0.6 | 27.3 ± 1.7 * | 24.8 ± 1.8 * | 5.3 ± 0.8 | 9.7 ± 1.1 * | 10.2 ± 0.6 * |
| b | NIGHTTIME | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M1 | M2 | |||||
| Healthy | Parkinsonian | Parkinsonian | Healthy | Parkinsonian | Parkinsonian | |
| (n = 10) | (n = 15) | Post PPN LFS-ON (n = 5) |
(n = 10) | (n = 14) | Post PPN LFS-ON (n = 6) |
|
| SL (min) | 13.4 ± 1.5 | 18.7 ± 2.8 | 34.9 ± 5.8 * | 7.5 ± 1.2 | 4.8 ± 1.5 | 7.1 ± 1.3 |
| REM latency (min) |
70.3 ± 12.9 (100%) |
23.9 ± 8.9 (100%) |
184.9 ± 31.7 # (100%) |
49.2 ± 11.7 (100%) |
31.5 ± 12.9 (100%) |
60.9 ± 24.9 (100%) |
| TST (min) | 523.1 ± 5.1 | 230.4 ± 7.0 * | 281.9 ± 17.2 * | 589.4 ± 9.3 | 419.9 ± 14.0 * | 438.6 ± 5.7 * |
| % Stage 1 | 18.2 ± 1.0 | 13.3 ± 1.1 * | 16.7 ± 0.9 # | 20.0 ± 2.0 | 31.5 ± 0.9 * | 33.7 ± 1.4 * |
| % Stage 2 | 17.0 ± 2.0 | 8.2 ± 0.4 * | 12.6 ± 1.2 * | 32.1 ± 2.2 | 14.6 ± 2.0 * | 14.4 ± 0.7 * |
| % Stage 3 | 25.2 ± 1.5 | 5.4 ± 0.6 * | 4.8 ± 0.9 * | 18.2 ± 1.7 | 5.1 ± 0.9 * | 6.5 ± 0.9 * |
| % REM sleep | 12.4 ± 0.4 | 5.1 ± 0.4 * | 5.1 ± 0.6 * | 11.4 ± 0.7 | 7.1 ± 0.7 * | 5.6 ± 0.4 * |
| % AW | 17.2 ± 0.8 | 38.0 ± 1.3 * | 33.43 ± 1.2 * | 15.5 ± 1 | 28.0 ± 2.1 * | 26.8 ± 0.5 * |
| % QW | 10.0 ± 0.8 | 29.0 ± 1.2 * | 26.2 ± 1.3 * | 2.7 ± 0.5 | 13.6 ± 2.3 * | 13.4 ± 1.1 * |
| WASO (min) | 182.3 ± 5.2 | 465.8 ± 6.7 * | 394.6 ± 10.6 * | 120.1 ± 9.3 | 289.4 ± 13.3 * | 271.9 ± 7.3 * |
| Sleep efficiency (%) | 72.7 ± 0.7 | 32.0 ± 1.0 * | 39.2 ± 2.4 * | 81.9 ± 1.3 | 58.3 ± 1.9 * | 60.9 ± 0.8 * |
| Sleep cycle number | 11.4 ± 0.3 | 0.8 ± 0.4 * | 2.4 ± 0.8 * | 11.4 ± 0.6 | 5.7 ± 0.7 * | 6.4 ± 0.7 * |
Each column represents mean values (± SEM) derived from 12 h long-term recordings during a) the daytime in healthy, parkinsonian and parkinsonian PPN-LFS ON conditions and b) the nighttime in healthy, parkinsonian and parkinsonian post PPN-LFS conditions. For daytime, SL refers to the latency to the first sleep episode in the morning and for nighttime SL corresponds to the time in minute between the light turned off (19:00 h) and the first sleep episode. REM latency corresponds to the time in minute between the first sleep episode and the first REM sleep episode; numbers in parenthesis indicate the percentage of recordings including at least one REM sleep episode allowing to calculate the latency. For daytime, the number of sleep onset REM period (# SOREMP/day) refers to the number of times per day that REM sleep episode occurred within 15 min of sleep. TST refers to the total sleep time during the 12 h recording expressed in minute. The amounts of each stage of wake and sleep are expressed as the mean percentage of the total scoring time. WASO, expressed in minute, refers to the sleep period time minus the TST. Sleep efficiency, expressed in percentage, was defined as the ratio of TST to the 12 h nocturnal time. p < 0.05 *different from healthy state, # different from parkinsonian state: Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn’s multiple comparisons test. Bold numbers indicate significant differences to be highlighted between two similar conditions with only one changing parameter.
SL sleep latency, REM rapid-eyes movement, TST total sleep time, AW active wake; QW quiet wake.