Table 3.
Multivariable Logistic Regression Results: Associations between Perceived Walkability and the Outcomes Physical Activity and Frequency of Walking
| Associations between Perceived Walkability and Physical Activity (95% Confidence Intervals) | Associations between Perceived Walkability and Frequency of Walking near Home Odd-Ratios (95% Confidence Intervals) | |
|---|---|---|
| OUTCOME | OUTCOME | |
|
| ||
| VARIABLES | PHYSICAL ACTIVITY (Inactive/Insufficiently active vs. Sufficiently active) | FREQUENCY OF WALKING NEAR HOME (Never/Some of the time vs. Almost always/Most of the time) |
|
| ||
| Perceived Walkability | ||
| Low | - | - |
| Medium | 1.30*** (1.15,1.47) | 2.47*** (2.02,3.02) |
| High | 1.48*** (1.30,1.69) | 2.79*** (2.27,3.41) |
| Age in Years | 0.99*** (0.99,1.00) | 1.01*** (1.00 – 1.01) |
| Biological Sex | ||
| Male | - | - |
| Female | 0.71*** (0.66,0.76) | 1.17** (1.05,1.31) |
| Marital Status | ||
| Single/Widowed/Separated | - | - |
| Married/Partnered | 0.94 (0.87,1.01) | 1.29*** (1.16,1.43) |
| Federal Poverty Level | ||
| <=138 % | - | - |
| >138–250 % | 0.73 (0.52,1.03) | 1.23 (0.70,2.16) |
| >250–400 % | 0.87 (0.66,1.14) | 0.93 (0.59,1.45) |
| >400 % | 1.14 (0.90,1.46) | 0.85 (0.57,1.27) |
| Education Level | ||
| < Bachelor’s degree | - | - |
| ≥ Bachelor’s degree | 1.61*** (1.50,1.72) | 1.20*** (1.08,1.34) |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||
| Non-Hispanic White | - | - |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 0.79*** (0.70,0.89) | 0.72*** (0.60,0.86) |
| Non-Hispanic Asian | 0.65*** (0.56,0.75) | 0.71*** (0.59,0.87) |
| Non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaska Native | 0.64 (0.38,1.08) | 0.91 (0.47,1.80) |
| Non-Hispanic other race | 0.76* (0.58,0.99) | 0.96 (0.63,1.45) |
| Hispanic | 0.71*** (0.63,0.80) | 0.71*** (0.61,0.83) |
| Employment Status | ||
| Not employed last week or the past year/never | - | - |
| Employed last week or the past year | 0.93 (0.85,1.02) | 0.74*** (0.63,0.85) |
| Region | ||
| Northeast | - | - |
| Midwest | 1.02 (0.90,1.15) | 0.87 (0.73,1.04) |
| South | 0.99 (0.89,1.11) | 1.00 (0.85,1.19) |
| West | 1.28*** (1.13,1.44) | 0.88 (0.75,1.03) |
| Urban-Rural Classification | ||
| Large central metro | - | - |
| Large fringe metro | 1.05 (0.96,1.16) | 0.88 (0.75,1.03) |
| Medium and small metro | 0.91 (0.83,1.00) | 0.79** (0.69,0.92) |
| Non-metropolitan | 0.82** (0.73,0.92) | 0.98 (0.80,1.20) |
| Self-Reported Health Status | ||
| Excellent | - | - |
| Very good | 0.67*** (0.62,0.73) | 0.94 (0.82, 1.07) |
| Good | 0.45*** (0.41,0.49) | 0.85* (0.73,0.99) |
| Fair/Poor | 0.32*** (0.28,0.37) | 0.74** (0.59,0.91) |
| Total Chronic Diseases | 0.91*** (0.88,0.93) | 1.03 (0.98,1.07) |
Source: National Health Interview Survey (NHIS, 2020). National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) – Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Note: Statistical significance:
***
p<0.001
**
p<0.01
*
p<0.05