Table 4.
Regression Analysis Results: Associations between Perceived Walkability and Body Mass Index/Obesity
| Associations between Perceived Walkability and Body Mass Index (95% Confidence Intervals) | Associations between Perceived Walkability and Obesity (95% Confidence Intervals) | |
|---|---|---|
| VARIABLES | Estimates from Linear Regression | Estimates from Logistic Regression |
|
| ||
| Perceived Walkability | ||
| Low | - | - |
| Medium | 0.78*** (0.68,0.90) | |
| High | 0.76*** (0.66,0.87) | |
| Perceived Walkability (0–8) | −0.06** (−0.10,−0.02) | |
| Age in Years | −0.05*** (−0.05,−0.04) | 0.96*** (0.95,0.96) |
| Biological Sex | ||
| Male | - | - |
| Female | −0.21** (−0.36,−0.06) | 1.07 (0.99,1.16) |
| Marital Status | ||
| Single/Widowed/Separated | - | - |
| Married/Partnered | 0.97*** (0.08,1.14) | 1.49*** (1.37,1.62) |
| Federal Poverty Level | ||
| <=138 % | - | - |
| >138–250 % | 0.12 (−0.77,1.01) | 1.16 (0.76,1.77) |
| >250–400 % | 0.35 (−0.32,1.02) | 1.10 (0.79,1.54) |
| >400 % | 0.30 (−0.29,0.90) | 1.25 (0.93,1.68) |
| Education Level | ||
| < Bachelor’s degree | - | - |
| ≥ Bachelor’s degree | −0.37*** (−0.53,−0.21) | 0.85*** (0.79,0.93) |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||
| Non-Hispanic White | - | - |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1.59*** (1.30,1.89) | 1.84*** (1.62,2.10) |
| Non-Hispanic Asian | −1.34*** (−1.59,−1.09) | 0.40*** (0.32,0.50) |
| Non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaska Native | 0.53 (−0.66,1.71) | 1.02 (0.53,1.95) |
| Non-Hispanic other race | −0.03 (−0.58,0.51) | 0.95 (0.70,1.29) |
| Hispanic | 1.54*** (1.26,1.82) | 1.84*** (1.62,2.07) |
| Employment Status | ||
| Not employed last week or the past year/never | - | - |
| Employed last week or the past year | 1.44*** (1.21,1.66) | 2.27*** (2.01,2.57) |
| Region | ||
| Northeast | - | - |
| Midwest | 0.28* (0.04,0.52) | 1.08 (0.95,1.22) |
| South | 0.09 (−0.13,0.31) | 1.05 (0.93,1.19) |
| West | −0.27* (−0.50,−0.03) | 0.88 (0.77,1.01) |
| Urban-Rural Classification | ||
| Large central metro | - | - |
| Large fringe metro | 0.14 (−0.07,0.35) | 1.04 (0.92,1.16) |
| Medium and small metro | 0.32** (0.12,0.52) | 1.13* (1.02,1.26) |
| Non-metropolitan | 0.71*** (0.40,1.02) | 1.37*** (1.19,1.58) |
| Self-Reported Health Status | ||
| Excellent | - | - |
| Very good | 0.96*** (0.77,1.15) | 1.54*** (1.37,1.72) |
| Good | 1.49*** (1.26,1.71) | 1.85*** (1.65,2.07) |
| Fair/Poor | 0.80*** (0.43,1.17) | 0.94 (0.78,1.13) |
| Total Chronic Diseases | 2.04*** (1.97,2.11) | 3.85*** (3.63,4.07) |
Source: National Health Interview Survey (NHIS, 2020). National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) – Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Note: Statistical significance:
***
p<0.001
**
p<0.01
*
p<0.05