Table 4.

Intervention and time effects on amino acid concentrations.

	LSMEAN (95% CI)			p value
	Baseline	6 Month	12 Month	Group	Time	Group × Time
n
DIET	124	107	89	-	-	-
DIET+PA150	127	105	88	-	-	-
DIET+PA250	123	107	86	-	-	-
BCAA concentration, μmol/L				0.874	<0.0001***	0.904
DIET	429.2 (416.8, 441.6)	416.4 (403.3, 429.5)	406.5 (392.8, 420.2)
DIET+PA150	428.1 (415.8, 440.4)	415.9 (402.8, 428.9)	408.8 (394.6, 423.0)
DIET+PA250	429.2 (416.8, 441.6)	408.8 (395.6, 422.0)	405.5 (391.3, 419.6)
Valine concentration, μmol/L				0.793	<0.0001***	0.984
DIET	228.4 (221.6, 235.3)	220.9 (213.7, 228.1)	215.8 (208.3, 223.4)
DIET+PA150	227.6 (220.8, 234.4)	221.5 (214.3, 228.7)	217.2 (209.4, 225.0)
DIET+PA250	226.9 (220.0, 233.7)	218.0 (210.7, 225.3)	214.2 (206.4, 222.1)
Leucine concentration, μmol/L				0.456	0.001***	0.9801
DIET	151.5 (146.0, 156.9)	145.0 (139.2, 150.8)	145.6 (139.5, 151.7)
DIET+PA150	148.0 (142.6, 153.4)	142.6 (136.8, 148.3)	143.6 (137.2, 149.9)
DIET+PA250	149.2 (143.8, 154.7)	141.3 (135.4, 147.1)	141.9 (135.6, 148.3)
Isoleucine concentration, μmol/L				0.154	0.003**	0.436
DIET	49.3 (46.2, 52.4)	50.4 (47.1, 53.7)	44.8 (41.3, 48.4)
DIET+PA150	52.5 (49.4, 55.6)	52.0 (48.7, 55.3)	48.3 (44.7, 52.0)
DIET+PA250	52.8 (49.6, 55.9)	49.0 (45.6, 52.4)	48.7 (45.0, 52.3)
Glycine concentration, μmol/L				0.134	<0.0001***	0.192
DIET	250.6 (233.9, 267.3)	273.2 (256.2, 290.3)	270.1 (252.7, 287.6)
DIET+PA150	251.0 (234.5, 267.6)	269.9 (252.8, 286.9)	259.2 (241.4, 276.9)
DIET+PA250	262.0 (245.4, 278.6)	285.0 (267.8, 302.2)	291.2 (273.4, 308.9)
Glucose concentration, mg/dL				0.150	<0.0001***	0.425
DIET	79.8 (78.1, 81.6)	77.7 (75.9, 79.5)	76.0 (74.1, 77.9)
DIET+PA150	80.7 (78.9, 82.4)	78.0 (76.2, 79.8)	78.4 (76.5, 80.3)
DIET+PA250	81.5 (79.8, 83.3)	79.3 (77.5, 81.2)	78.7 (76.7, 80.6)

Values are least square mean (95% confidence interval); All analyses were adjusted for sex and race (white/non-white).

^*p<0.05;

^**p<0.01;

^***p<0.0001