a, BALB/c mice were inoculated subcutaneously (s.c.) with 1.5 × 105 CT26 cells on day 0 and treated by intra-tumoural (i.t.) administration of Mann-NC and αOX40 on days 9, 12 and 15. A subset of animals received intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of anti-IL-17A on days 7, 10, 13 and 18, followed by monitoring of tumour growth. b, BALB/c mice were inoculated subcutaneously with 3 × 105 CT26 cells on the right flank and 1.5 × 105 CT26 cells on the left flank on day 0, and samples were administered only into the right, primary tumours on days 9, 12 and 15. Shown are the average growth of primary and contralateral tumours. c,d, C57BL/6 mice were inoculated subcutaneously with 6 × 105 MC38 cells on day 0 and treated by intra-tumoural administration of Mann-NC and/or αOX40 on days 9, 12 and 15. Average tumour growth (c) and animal survival (d). e,f, C57BL/6 mice were inoculated subcutaneously with 2 × 105 B16F10 melanoma cells (e) or 2 × 106 NOOC1 head and neck cancer cells (f) on day 0. The treatments were given intra-tumourally starting day 8 for the B16F10 melanoma model and day 10 for the NOOC1 model with five injections 3 days apart. Data represent mean ± s.e.m., from a representative experiment (n = 7 (e,f) or 8 (a–d) biologically independent samples) from one (e) or two (a–d,f) independent experiments. ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001, analysed by two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons test (a–c,e–f); or log-rank (Mantel–Cox) test (d).