. 2023 Jan 12;13:990442. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.990442

Table 1.

Muscle, fat, and bone parameters in normal, obese, sarcopenic, and SO groups when obesity was defined by BMI.

Group	Male				Female
	Normal	Obesity	Sarcopenia	SO	Normal	Obesity	Sarcopenia	SO
N	108	70	43	10	71	42	43	13
Age (years)	63.06 ± 8.06^a	62.06 ± 8.91^a	70 ± 6.77^b	71.1 ± 8.57^b	64.79 ± 7.06^ab	62.19 ± 7.11^b	67.88 ± 7.3^a	69.77 ± 5.95^a
BMI (kg/m²)	22.73 ± 1.59^a	27.96 ± 2.6^b	22.36 ± 1.93^a	26.73 ± 1.67^b	22.19 ± 1.97^a	28.37 ± 2.94^b	21.49 ± 2.31^a	26.15 ± 1^c
Weight (kg)	64.55 ± 5.92^a	77.47 ± 7.2^b	61.27 ± 6.34^c	71.04 ± 8.53^d	53.55 ± 5.59^ac	67.55 ± 9.15^b	50.29 ± 5.99^a	57.86 ± 4.45^c
Height (cm)	168.45 ± 5.31^a	166.54 ± 5.4^ab	165.51 ± 5.58^b	162.78 ± 6.54^b	155.31 ± 4.91^a	154.14 ± 5.53^a	152.98 ± 5.43^ab	148.7 ± 5.44^b
Body fat (kg)	19 ± 3.1^a	26.76 ± 4.49^b	18.94 ± 3.27^a	25.38 ± 5.09^b	20.69 ± 3.55^a	30.33 ± 5.82^b	20.47 ± 4.08^a	26.46 ± 2.18^c
Body fat percentage (%)	29.89 ± 3.39^a	34.94 ± 3.33^b	31.42 ± 3.44^a	36.2 ± 3.69^b	39.06 ± 3.9^a	45.32 ± 3.68^b	41.08 ± 4.23^c	46.47 ± 2.33^b
ASMI (kg/m²)	6.55 ± 0.57^a	7.46 ± 0.54^b	6.14 ± 0.63^c	6.66 ± 0.32^ac	5.23 ± 0.48^a	5.94 ± 0.49^b	4.72 ± 0.42^c	5.06 ± 0.28^ac
Limb fat mass (kg)	7.78 ± 1.33^a	10.29 ± 1.67^b	7.62 ± 1.24^a	10.05 ± 2.05^b	9.34 ± 1.92^a	13.5 ± 3.03^b	9.01 ± 1.68^a	11.2 ± 1.29^c
Trunk fat mass (kg)	9.92 ± 2.02^a	15.03 ± 3^b	10.06 ± 2.24^a	13.99 ± 3.13^b	10.22 ± 2.01^a	15.61 ± 3.38^b	10.36 ± 2.67^a	14.09 ± 1.69^b
Limb lean mass (kg)	18.6 ± 2.04^a	20.58 ± 1.86^b	16.84 ± 1.96^c	17.68 ± 1.63^ac	12.63 ± 1.4^a	14.11 ± 1.68^b	11.04 ± 1.14^c	11.22 ± 1.2^c
TL fat ratio	1.28 ± 0.2^a	1.47 ± 0.19^b	1.32 ± 0.23^a	1.4 ± 0.15^ab	1.12 ± 0.22^a	1.18 ± 0.21^a	1.15 ± 0.21^a	1.27 ± 0.21^a
Handgrip strength (kg)	35.65 ± 5.17^a	36.07 ± 5.74^a	28.65 ± 5.49^b	30.86 ± 4.41^b	23.75 ± 17.58^a	21.54 ± 4.23^a	18.16 ± 3.65^a	16.39 ± 3.34^a
Lower limb strength (kg)	31 ± 8.35^a	32.28 ± 7.54^a	25.6 ± 6.67^b	27 ± 6.96^ab	19.94 ± 5.41^a	21.17 ± 9.05^a	15.52 ± 4.43^b	13.69 ± 4.42^b
Gait speed (m/s)	1.23 ± 0.17^a	1.18 ± 0.24^a	0.91 ± 0.24^b	0.94 ± 0.21^b	1.15 ± 0.21^a	1.12 ± 0.25^a	0.94 ± 0.19^b	0.85 ± 0.24^b
Baecke score	8.15 ± 1.42^a	7.86 ± 1.34^a	7.74 ± 1.4^a	7.66 ± 1.39^a	7.93 ± 1.05^a	7.78 ± 1.25^a	7.55 ± 1.16^a	7.26 ± 1.14^a
Femoral neck aBMD (g/cm²)	0.76 ± 0.11^a	0.82 ± 0.13^b	0.7 ± 0.09^c	0.78 ± 0.07^abc	0.67 ± 0.12^a	0.73 ± 0.11^b	0.61 ± 0.09^c	0.64 ± 0.12^ac
Total hip aBMD (g/cm²)	1.02 ± 0.12^a	1.1 ± 0.13^b	0.94 ± 0.11^c	1.06 ± 0.09^ab	0.88 ± 0.12^a	0.94 ± 0.11^b	0.81 ± 0.1^c	0.87 ± 0.09^abc
Lumbar spine aBMD (g/cm²)	1.03 ± 0.16^a	1.08 ± 0.19^a	1 ± 0.2^a	1.14 ± 0.16^a	0.86 ± 0.16^a	0.96 ± 0.16^b	0.81 ± 0.13^a	0.86 ± 0.12^ab
Femoral neck T-score	−0.69 ± 0.71^a	−0.3 ± 0.84^b	−1.11 ± 0.63^c	−0.55 ± 0.49^abc	−1 ± 1.3^a	−0.37 ± 1.17^b	−1.74 ± 0.98^c	−1.41 ± 1.33^ac
Femoral neck Z-score	0.43 ± 0.93^a	0.91 ± 1.07^b	0.15 ± 0.86^a	0.96 ± 0.52^ab	0.5 ± 1.12^ab	0.94 ± 1.02^a	0 ± 0.88^b	0.47 ± 1.15^ab
Total hip T-score	0.12 ± 0.86^a	0.73 ± 0.88^b	−0.45 ± 0.8^c	0.39 ± 0.67^ab	−0.1 ± 1.14^a	0.49 ± 1^b	−0.71 ± 0.96^c	−0.13 ± 0.87^abc
Total hip Z-score	1.09 ± 0.94^ac	1.67 ± 0.96^b	0.74 ± 0.8^c	1.79 ± 0.59^ab	1.12 ± 1.08^ab	1.59 ± 0.93^a	0.65 ± 0.89^b	1.33 ± 0.69^ab
Lumbar spine T-score	0.25 ± 1.53^a	0.8 ± 1.81^a	0.01 ± 1.9^a	1.32 ± 1.49^a	−1.08 ± 1.58^a	−0.27 ± 1.48^b	−1.63 ± 1.26^a	−1.17 ± 1.04^ab
Lumbar spine Z-score	0.54 ± 1.06^a	0.97 ± 1.24^a	0.38 ± 1.21^a	1.3 ± 1.02^a	0.46 ± 1.15^a	1.03 ± 1.11^b	0.23 ± 0.94^a	0.62 ± 0.81^ab
Radius
Tot.vBMD (mg HA/cm³)	350.16 ± 63.28^ab	368.07 ± 65.38^a	325.95 ± 56.76^b	350.89 ± 56.49^ab	306.1 ± 74.42^ab	330.59 ± 78.87^a	274.83 ± 63.13^b	297.21 ± 68.36^ab
Ct.vBMD (mg HA/cm³)	889.23 ± 51.16^a	891.3 ± 48.33^a	856.12 ± 67.34^b	879.97 ± 56.62^ab	863.43 ± 68.37^ab	890.99 ± 64.09^a	847.52 ± 60.86^b	862.1 ± 55.43^ab
Ct.Th (mm)	0.96 ± 0.19^a	1.01 ± 0.2^a	0.86 ± 0.22^b	0.96 ± 0.19^ab	0.75 ± 0.19^ab	0.84 ± 0.18^a	0.68 ± 0.17^b	0.71 ± 0.16^ab
Tb.vBMD (mg HA/cm³)	156.54 ± 33.53^ab	169.15 ± 36.96^a	147.84 ± 23.86^b	152.81 ± 23.26^ab	120.43 ± 36.08^a	124.94 ± 37.51^a	104.98 ± 32.57^a	110.14 ± 33.14^a
BV/TV (%)	0.13 ± 0.03^ab	0.14 ± 0.03^a	0.12 ± 0.02^b	0.13 ± 0.02^ab	0.1 ± 0.03^a	0.1 ± 0.03^a	0.09 ± 0.03^a	0.09 ± 0.03^a
Tb.Th (mm)	0.08 ± 0.01^a	0.08 ± 0.01^a	0.08 ± 0.01^a	0.08 ± 0.01^a	0.07 ± 0.01^a	0.07 ± 0.01^a	0.07 ± 0.01^a	0.08 ± 0.02^a
Stiffness (kN/mm)	91.82 ± 15.34^a	96.59 ± 15.78^a	83.09 ± 15.2^b	86.78 ± 14.11^ab	58.67 ± 11.13^ac	62.88 ± 10.06^a	51 ± 8.43^b	51.08 ± 7.07^bc
Tibia
Tot.vBMD (mg HA/cm³)	289.56 ± 45.76^a	309.1 ± 48.04^b	272.07 ± 43.6^a	302.11 ± 58.43^ab	251.87 ± 55.67^a	272.86 ± 55.06^a	219.73 ± 38.86^b	274.07 ± 35.58^a
Ct.vBMD (mg HA/cm³)	846.96 ± 44.52^a	856.25 ± 45.78^a	817.31 ± 52.67^b	842.1 ± 60.66^ab	796.43 ± 63.93^a	832.34 ± 65.65^b	777.19 ± 55.62^a	807.11 ± 42.33^ab
Ct.Th (mm)	1.24 ± 0.23^a	1.34 ± 0.26^b	1.14 ± 0.26^a	1.37 ± 0.32^ab	0.95 ± 0.26^a	1.07 ± 0.26^a	0.81 ± 0.2^b	1.04 ± 0.21^a
Tb.vBMD (mg HA/cm³)	160.65 ± 27.48^ab	168.71 ± 28.36^a	151.48 ± 27.93^b	155.05 ± 27.36^ab	138.15 ± 33.08^a	142.35 ± 33.42^a	119.83 ± 28.57^b	140.85 ± 21.17^ab
BV/TV (%)	0.13 ± 0.02^ab	0.14 ± 0.02^a	0.13 ± 0.02^b	0.13 ± 0.02^ab	0.12 ± 0.03^a	0.12 ± 0.03^a	0.1 ± 0.02^b	0.12 ± 0.02^ab
Tb.Th (mm)	0.08 ± 0.01^a	0.08 ± 0.01^a	0.08 ± 0.01^a	0.08 ± 0.01^a	0.08 ± 0.01^ab	0.08 ± 0.01^ab	0.08 ± 0.01^a	0.09 ± 0.02^b
Stiffness (kN/mm)	224.1 ± 29.91^a	233.48 ± 31.25^a	205.72 ± 30.92^b	217.72 ± 30.96^ab	155.76 ± 25.87^a	167.75 ± 23.47^b	135 ± 18.62^c	149.17 ± 14.83^abc

Significant differences: different letters (a, b, c, or/and d), p < 0.05. One-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni test. LFR, lean-to-fat ratio; TL, trunk-to-limb.