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. 2023 Jan 12;15:1042469. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1042469

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Copyright © 2023 Kalargyrou, Guilfoyle, Smith, Ali and Pearson.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Potential roles of the extracellular vesicles release in mammalian rod photoreceptors. (A) Electro-microscopical analysis of the murine retina reveals Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) from left to right; in retinal progenitor cells (RPC) at postnatal day 0 (P0); at postnatal day 7 (P7) MVBs are obvious at the area of the developing photoreceptor inner segment (PR-IS), in close proximity to the photoreceptor membrane indicating potential release in the surrounding photoreceptors. On the right side, at P7 MVBs are also obvious in retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) cell again in close proximity to the cell plasma membrane and in the apical side; facing the developing neuroretinal photoreceptors; (B) Schematic representation of the developing retinal progenitor cell (RPC) towards rod photoreceptor precursors indicating release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) originating either from MVBs or budding from the membrane. The release is reduced in adult stages of photoreceptor development where the cell has formed the inner (IS) and outer (OS) segment; (C) Schematic representation of the ectosome release by the malfunctioning rod photoreceptor cilium-the outer segment- in rds^-/- mutant photoreceptors (right) compared to the normal MVB biogenesis and release or direct building of EVs in healthy photoreceptors.