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. 2023 Jan 12;15:1042469. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1042469

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Copyright © 2023 Kalargyrou, Guilfoyle, Smith, Ali and Pearson.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Potential roles of extracellular vesicles in retina pigment epithelium and Müller Glia cells. (A) Schematic representation of the retina, where retina pigment epithelium (RPE) is potentially releasing extracellular vesicles (EVs) from the apical and basal side under healthy conditions. (B) Schematic representation of the retina with drusen formation, where the RPE EV release from the basal side, may potentially contribute to the drusen pathology. (C) Schematic representation of the suggested roles of the EVs release by the Müller glia cells, either via MVB release of direct budding, under healthy conditions where the EVs can be released towards photoreceptors or towards the vascular endothelium.