Table 1.

Major butyrate producers in the human gut and their relevance.

Butyrate producer
Phylum	Sub-cluster	Genus	Species	Relevance	Reference
Firmicutes	Clostridium IV Or Clostridium leptum group	Faecalibacterium	F. prasunitzi	Most abundant butyrate producer	Louis and Flint (2009)
		Subdoligranulum	S. variabile	Metabolizes calprotectin	Kamp et al. (2022)
		Anaerotruncus	A. colihominis	Degrade mucin	Raimondi et al. (2021)
		Ruminococcus	R. bromii	Key fermenter of resistant starch	Ze et al. (2012)
			R. callidus	Degrades complex polysaccharides such as starch or xylan	Chassard et al. (2012)
			R. champanellensis	Most efficient cellulolytic bacterium in human colon	Chassard et al. (2012)
	Clostridium XIVa or Clostridium coccoides group	Roseburia	R. intestinalis	Major Xylan degrader in human gut	Leth et al. (2018), Mirande et al. (2010)
			R. faecis	Utilizes fructose, glucose, maltose, cellobiose, raffinose, xylose, sorbitol, melibiose and amylopectin starch; but not Arabinose, and sucrose	Duncan et al. (2006)
			R. hominis	Utilizes arabinose, fructose, glucose, maltose, cellobiose, xylose and glycerol; but not Sucrose, sorbitol, oat spelt xylan, amylopectin starch and inulin (dahlia)	Duncan et al. (2006)
			R. inulinivorans	Utilizes inulin (dahlia), fructose, glucose, and maltose cellobiose, and amylopectin; but not rabinose, raffinose, xylose, glycerol, sorbitol and oat spelt xylan	Duncan et al. (2006)
		Anaerostipes	A. caccae	Utilizes Lactate to produce butyrate	Duncan et al. (2004)
			A. hadrus	Utilizes D-Lactate (not L-Lactose) and acetate to produce butyrate	Allen-Vercoe et al. (2012)
			A. butyraticus	Utilizes fructooligosaccharide (FOS) to produce butyrate	Endo et al. (2022)
			A. rhamnosivorans	Utilizes lactate and acetate for butyrate generation	Bui et al. (2019)
		Butyrivibrio	B. fibrisolvens	Utilizes cellulose	Rodríguez Hernáez et al. (2018), Paillard et al. (2007)
		Eubacterium	E. rectale	Metabolizes sulfonated monosaccharide (sulfoquinovose) present in green vegetables; Dahlia inulin is specifically catabolized	Hanson et al. (2021)
			E. ramulus	Metabolizes variety of flavonoids	Schneider and Blaut (2000), Braune et al. (2001)
			E. hallii	Utilizes glucose and the intermediates acetate and lactate, for butyrate generation	Engels et al. (2016a)
			E. limosum	Transformation of 8-prenylanringenin (phyto-estrogen) from iso-xanthohumol	Possemiers et al. (2008)
		Coprococcus	C. cactus	Metabolizes fructose; cross-feed on fermentation products (acetate, lactate) to produce butyrate	Reichardt et al. (2014), Alessi et al. (2020)
			C. eutactus	Metabolizes β-glucan, cellobiose and lichenan	Alessi et al. (2020)
			C. comes	Metabolizes glucose	Alessi et al. (2020)
		Anaerobutyricum	A. soehngenii	Utilizes D-and L-lactate and acetate to produce butyrate	Gilijamse et al. (2020)