TABLE 3.
Comparison of the mean cross‐sectional area (CSA) of the ankle tendons between men and women for young, middle‐age, and old groups, for normalized and non‐normalized data
| Group | Variable | Men | Women | Effect size (p‐value) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |||
| Young (n = 20) | TA‐CSA_normalized | 0.68 | 0.12 | 0.63 | 0.16 | 0.53 (0.54) |
| TP‐CSA normalized | 0.92 | 0.22 | 0.88 | 0.24 | 0.17 (0.65) | |
| FT‐CSA normalized | 0.97 | 0.21 | 0.92 | 0.19 | 0.25 (0.82) | |
| AT‐CSA normalized | 2.60 | 0.65 | 2.34 | 0.57 | 0.43 (0.36) | |
| TA‐CSA non‐normalized | 18.88 | 3.89 | 14.41 | 3.02 | 1.28 b (0.019 a ) | |
| TP‐CSA non‐normalized | 25.08 | 3.26 | 19.69 | 3.14 | 1.68 b (<0.01 a ) | |
| FT‐CSA non‐normalized | 26.60 | 4.56 | 20.98 | 2.36 | 1.55 b (<0.01 a ) | |
| AT‐CSA non‐normalized | 71.04 | 13.20 | 53.14 | 8.86 | 1.59 b (<0.01 a ) | |
| Middle‐age (n = 20) | TA‐CSA normalized | 0.67 | 0.09 | 0.66 | 0.10 | 0.11 (0.89) |
| TP‐CSA normalized | 0.84 | 0.10 | 0.90 | 0.20 | 0.38 (0.59) | |
| FT‐CSA normalized | 1.09 | 0.24 | 1.09 | 0.26 | 0 (0.82) | |
| AT‐CSA normalized | 2.78 | 0.40 | 2.64 | 0.43 | 0.34 (0.45) | |
| TA‐CSA non‐normalized | 19.54 | 2.61 | 16.28 | 1.99 | 1.40 b (0.013 a ) | |
| TP‐CSA non‐normalized | 24.64 | 2.70 | 22.24 | 4.76 | 0.62 (0.13) | |
| FT‐CSA non‐normalized | 32.03 | 6.24 | 26.99 | 7.20 | 0.75 (0.17) | |
| AT‐CSA non‐normalized | 81.58 | 11.26 | 64.87 | 10.36 | 1.54 b (<0.01 a ) | |
| Old (n = 20) | TA‐CSA normalized | 0.64 | 0.29 | 0.58 | 0.06 | 0.29 (0.49) |
| TP‐CSA normalized | 0.78 | 0.34 | 0.79 | 0.22 | 0.03 (0.70) | |
| FT‐CSA normalized | 0.94 | 0.35 | 0.97 | 0.24 | 0.09 (0.89) | |
| AT‐CSA normalized | 2.68 | 0.64 | 2.49 | 0.42 | 0.35 (0.23) | |
| TA‐CSA non‐normalized | 16.71 | 7.07 | 14.11 | 2.18 | 0.49 (0.19) | |
| TP‐CSA non‐normalized | 20.52 | 8.51 | 19.24 | 5.65 | 0.18 (0.49) | |
| FT‐CSA non‐normalized | 24.61 | 8.52 | 23.83 | 6.73 | 0.10 (0.70) | |
| AT‐CSA non‐normalized | 71.06 | 16.84 | 60.26 | 8.83 | 0.80 b (0.07 a ) | |
p‐values are in parentheses as shown as bold.
Abbreviations: AT, Achilles; ES, effect size; FT, fibularis; mm2/Kg3/4, normalization; SD, Standard deviation; TA, tibialis anterior; TP, tibialis posterior.
a
There were significant differences for non‐normalized CSA tendon between genders in young and middle‐age groups (ANOVA one‐way and Bonferroni post hoc comparison).
b
The effect size for comparisons was considered large according to Cohen's d values.