Table 2.
Comparison of the clinical and laboratory variables, the body composition, and the nutritional intakes between the pre‐COVID‐19 and COVID‐19 periods
| Period | 1st quarter (April–June) | 2nd quarter (July–September) | 3rd quarter (October–December) | 4th quarter (January–March) | Annual | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mean ± SD | P | mean ± SD | P | mean ± SD | P | mean ± SD | P | mean ± SD | P | ||
| Clinical and laboratory variables | |||||||||||
| HbA1c (%) | Pre‐COVID‐19 | 7.18 ± 0.93 | 0.317 | 7.04 ± 0.91 | <0.001* | 7.13 ± 1.01 | 0.009 | 7.20 ± 0.99 | <0.001 | 7.12 ± 0.90 | 0.010 |
| COVID‐19 | 7.22 ± 1.10 | 7.16 ± 1.08 | 7.19 ± 1.11 | 7.28 ± 1.11 | 7.19 ± 1.01 | ||||||
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | Pre‐COVID‐19 | 192.73 ± 34.72 | 0.929 | 190.65 ± 37.09 | 0.023 | 189.17 ± 34.14 | 0.009 | 193.18 ± 36.41 | 0.504 | 192.75 ± 32.32 | 0.968 |
| COVID‐19 | 191.65 ± 36.85 | 186.09 ± 36.33 | 192.08 ± 35.29 | 191.37 ± 33.77 | 190.99 ± 31.75 | ||||||
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | Pre‐COVID‐19 | 171.42 ± 187.78 | 0.823 | 171.81 ± 157.23 | 0.291 | 161.33 ± 131.18 | 0.184 | 170.26 ± 162.67 | 0.786 | 167.75 ± 142.34 | 0.325 |
| COVID‐19 | 170.14 ± 193.47 | 172.65 ± 198.12 | 156.63 ± 124.26 | 157.75 ± 101.74 | 164.16 ± 135.88 | ||||||
| AST (IU/L) | Pre‐COVID‐19 | 26.54 ± 12.87 | 0.690 | 27.22 ± 15.14 | 0.051 | 27.21 ± 14.60 | 0.767 | 27.49 ± 13.81 | 0.070 | 27.55 ± 14.22 | 0.722 |
| COVID‐19 | 26.88 ± 13.64 | 28.64 ± 17.29 | 27.26 ± 14.96 | 26.70 ± 16.40 | 28.04 ± 15.68 | ||||||
| ALT (IU/L) | Pre‐COVID‐19 | 30.92 ± 21.10 | 0.690 | 30.76 ± 22.19 | 0.020 | 31.13 ± 23.74 | 0.202 | 31.49 ± 23.18 | 0.799 | 31.50 ± 21.95 | 0.167 |
| COVID‐19 | 31.18 ± 22.52 | 32.53 ± 24.74 | 31.36 ± 22.56 | 30.91 ± 26.09 | 32.24 ± 24.12 | ||||||
| γ‐GTP (IU/L) | Pre‐COVID‐19 | 47.97 ± 49.03 | 0.746 | 49.10 ± 52.15 | 0.645 | 49.37 ± 56.90 | 0.330 | 49.66 ± 56.08 | 0.020 | 49.07 ± 51.84 | 0.412 |
| COVID‐19 | 48.12 ± 59.02 | 54.37 ± 82.57 | 47.69 ± 51.41 | 46.03 ± 57.57 | 49.71 ± 62.31 | ||||||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | Pre‐COVID‐19 | 135.36 ± 18.52 | 0.023 | 134.15 ± 18.00 | 0.024 | 135.67 ± 18.28 | 0.063 | 136.96 ± 17.75 | 0.320 | 135.50 ± 15.98 | 0.020 |
| COVID‐19 | 137.71 ± 18.29 | 136.14 ± 17.61 | 137.41 ± 18.11 | 136.02 ± 16.35 | 136.61 ± 16.09 | ||||||
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | Pre‐COVID‐19 | 77.65 ± 13.21 | 0.311 | 77.57 ± 11.87 | 0.721 | 76.57 ± 12.33 | 940 | 78.18 ± 12.44 | 0.023 | 77.50 ± 11.16 | 0.464 |
| COVID‐19 | 78.35 ± 12.01 | 77.35 ± 11.82 | 76.61 ± 12.78 | 76.81 ± 12.42 | 77.24 ± 11.38 | ||||||
| Body composition | |||||||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | Pre‐COVID‐19 | 28.61 ± 6.48 | 0.122 | 28.47 ± 6.48 | 0.538 | 28.65 ± 6.44 | 0.225 | 28.36 ± 6.35 | 0.909 | 28.49 ± 6.31 | 0.756 |
| COVID‐19 | 28.48 ± 6.39 | 28.41 ± 6.56 | 28.71 ± 6.58 | 28.38 ± 6.49 | 28.48 ± 6.38 | ||||||
| Fat mass (%) | Pre‐COVID‐19 | 33.79 ± 9.44 | 0.025 | 33.76 ± 9.94 | <0.001 | 34.70 ± 9.41 | 0.002 | 34.30 ± 9.53 | <0.001 | 34.59 ± 9.52 | <0.001 |
| COVID‐19 | 34.14 ± 9.28 | 34.21 ± 10.01 | 35.07 ± 9.53 | 34.86 ± 9.45 | 34.95 ± 9.53 | ||||||
| Skeletal muscle mass (%) | Pre‐COVID‐19 | 36.16 ± 5.38 | 0.003 | 36.14 ± 5.70 | <0.001 | 35.63 ± 5.39 | <0.001 | 35.89 ± 5.47 | <0.001 | 35.65 ± 5.45 | <0.001 |
| COVID‐19 | 35.91 ± 5.31 | 35.83 ± 5.73 | 35.40 ± 5.48 | 35.54 ± 5.46 | 35.41 ± 5.46 | ||||||
| Upper limb muscle mass (%) | Pre‐COVID‐19 | 7.07 ± 1.12 | 0.613 | 7.05 ± 1.21 | 0.007 | 6.97 ± 1.10 | 0.863 | 7.05 ± 1.13 | 0.006 | 6.95 ± 1.14 | 0.134 |
| COVID‐19 | 7.06 ± 1.11 | 7.01 ± 1.21 | 6.97 ± 1.15 | 7.01 ± 1.14 | 6.94 ± 1.15 | ||||||
| Trunk muscle mass (%) | Pre‐COVID‐19 | 29.49 ± 3.85 | 0.948 | 29.46 ± 4.13 | 0.290 | 29.24 ± 3.80 | 0.736 | 29.56 ± 3.88 | 0.031 | 29.25 ± 3.89 | 0.548 |
| COVID‐19 | 29.49 ± 3.85 | 29.39 ± 4.14 | 29.22 ± 3.89 | 29.44 ± 3.85 | 29.23 ± 3.92 | ||||||
| Lower limb muscle mass (%) | Pre‐COVID‐19 | 20.75 ± 3.34 | 0.001 | 20.84 ± 3.51 | 0.004 | 20.38 ± 3.38 | <0.001 | 20.41 ± 3.41 | <0.001 | 20.43 ± 3.37 | <0.001 |
| COVID‐19 | 20.54 ± 3.26 | 20.68 ± 3.55 | 20.19 ± 3.39 | 20.22 ± 3.37 | 20.26 ± 3.34 | ||||||
| Nutritional intakes | |||||||||||
| Energy (kcal) | Pre‐COVID‐19 | 1793.43 ± 520.95 | 0.638 | 1768.30 ± 449.15 | 0.795 | 1729.58 ± 460.46 | 0.243 | 1747.71 ± 463.36 | 0.096 | 1732.67 ± 391.36 | 0.262 |
| COVID‐19 | 1817.49 ± 497.39 | 1769.29 ± 441.76 | 1762.33 ± 449.49 | 1714.00 ± 470.92 | 1750.20 ± 393.97 | ||||||
| Protein (% Energy) | Pre‐COVID‐19 | 15.38 ± 3.44 | 0.011 | 15.14 ± 3.02 | 0.242 | 15.09 ± 3.54 | 0.021 | 14.90 ± 3.22 | 0.236 | 15.24 ± 2.65 | 0.996 |
| COVID‐19 | 14.71 ± 2.91 | 15.05 ± 3.26 | 15.50 ± 3.65 | 15.35 ± 3.58 | 15.24 ± 2.61 | ||||||
| Fat (% Energy) | Pre‐COVID‐19 | 29.93 ± 7.53 | 0.980 | 29.77 ± 7.65 | 0.636 | 29.37 ± 7.38 | 0.029 | 29.06 ± 8.07 | 0.358 | 29.62 ± 5.99 | 0.172 |
| COVID‐19 | 29.87 ± 7.33 | 30.04 ± 7.69 | 30.64 ± 7.80 | 29.66 ± 7.40 | 29.87 ± 5.93 | ||||||
| Carbohydrate (% Energy) | Pre‐COVID‐19 | 51.15 ± 9.96 | 0.099 | 51.89 ± 8.89 | 0.817 | 52.45 ± 8.77 | 0.008 | 52.53 ± 9.07 | 0.115 | 51.53 ± 7.6 | 0.717 |
| COVID‐19 | 52.37 ± 7.97 | 51.75 ± 9.05 | 50.76 ± 8.17 | 51.53 ± 8.07 | 51.4 ± 7.17 | ||||||
| Alcohol (g) | Pre‐COVID‐19 | 13.94 ± 28.80 | 0.076 | 10.19 ± 21.02 | 0.749 | 8.32 ± 14.42 | 0.047 | 9.86 ± 18.25 | 0.479 | 9.52 ± 19.66 | 0.042 |
| COVID‐19 | 10.65 ± 25.75 | 8.91 ± 17.10 | 7.79 ± 16.19 | 9.49 ± 17.22 | 8.81 ± 19.03 | ||||||
Data are expressed as mean ± SD.*P‐values were calculated by Wilcoxon's signed rank test; **P‐values were calculated by paired t‐test.
ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; COVID‐19, coronavirus disease 2019; γ‐GTP, gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c.