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In vivo and in vitro (artificial) RNA circularization methods. (A–D) In vivo RNA circularization methods: (A) Exonic circRNA; (B) Exonic-intronic circRNA; (C) Intronic circRNA; (D) tRNA intronic circRNA; (E, F) In vitro (artificial) RNA circularization methods: (E) Chemical synthesis; (F) Ligation by T4 RNA ligase; (G) Intron self-splicing. BrCN, cyanogen bromide; EDC, 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide; GOI, gene of interest.
