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. 2023 Jan 12;13:1060985. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1060985

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Copyright © 2023 Jasinska, Apetrei and Pandrea

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Mechanisms of protection against SIV infections include homeostatic regulation of immune cell populations through target cell restriction by downregulation of CD4 or CCR5 in T-cells (green frame) and NK cell colocalization in secondary lymphoid tissues, expansion and enhanced MHC-E restricted activity (blue frame), preservation of mucosal immunity, and thus prevention of microbial translocation, immune system stimulation and chronic immune activation. Inflammation is undergirded by highly effective non-inflammatory wound healing in the intestinal mucosa, the anti-viral content of epithelial microvesicles in the gut, and a potential anti-inflammatory role of NKG2a/c⁺CD8⁺ T cells in the gut, while the role of the intestinal microbiome remains unclear (red frame), and systemic anti-inflammatory mechanisms control the expression of interferon-stimulated genes after the acute phase (yellow).