Figure 6.

OsGLPs upregulate the expression of lignin synthesis-related genes using RT-qPCR. The expression of PAL (A), CCR (B), C4H (C), 4CL (D), and CCoAoMT (E) in 2-week-old WT (wild type) and transgenic seedlings grown for 5 days under normal conditions, 10 μmol L⁻¹ CuSO₄ treatment, or 25 μmol L⁻¹ CdCl₂ treatment. ACTIN1 (LOC_Os03g50885) was used as the internal control. The relative expression level was obtained by normalisation to the expression level in WT plants without heavy metal treatment. Values are the mean ± SD; n = 3. Different letters indicate a difference of p ≤ 0.05 by the LSD test.