TABLE 1.
Summary of modifiable risk factors for migraine in the Mendelian randomization analysis.
| Modifiable risk factors | Number of SNPs used in the analysis | The proportion of variance explained by SNPs (%) | The effect size of the SNPs on the risk factors (beta, se) | F Statistics | I2 GX (%) | Data source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Migraine without aura | Migraine with aura | ||||||
| Diet | |||||||
| Alcohol intake frequency | 42 | 8.16 | 19 (.19) | −041 (.158) | 110.7 | 98.3 | United Kingdom biobank |
| Alcoholic drinks per week | 34 | 4.82 | −25 (.32) | −06 (.328) | 165.9 | 98.7 | PMID30643251 |
| Average weekly red wine intake | 18 | 5.39 | −62 (.52) | −684 (.533) | 52.1 | 97.7 | United Kingdom biobank |
| Coffee intake | 40 | 4.78 | −458 (.312) | −933 (.292) | 54.5 | 98.5 | United Kingdom biobank |
| Decaffeinated coffee intake | 14 | 1.22 | −472 (.523) | −078 (.402) | 24.3 | 90.0 | United Kingdom biobank |
| Carbohydrate | 19 | 4.11 | −17 (.23) | −008 (.271) | 22.9 | 95.7 | United Kingdom biobank |
| Process meat | 23 | 4.35 | −16 (.5) | −238 (.436) | 36.4 | 97.4 | United Kingdom biobank |
| Cheese intake | 61 | 6.67 | 11 (.26) | −078 (.281) | 37.5 | 97.3 | United Kingdom biobank |
| Saturated fat intake | 11 | 3.2 | −23 (.31) | 007 (.307) | 23.4 | 95.5 | United Kingdom biobank |
| Polyunsaturated fat intake | 15 | 1.85 | −16 (.25) | −362 (.215) | 22.4 | 95.5 | United Kingdom biobank |
| Total sugar intake | 18 | 4.96 | −25 (.21) | −01 (.212) | 22.8 | 95.5 | United Kingdom biobank |
| Dietary supplements or metabolites | |||||||
| Blood methionine | 13 | NA | 03 (1.16) | −306 (1.106) | 22.4 | 95.5 | PMID24816252 |
| Blood selenium | 12 | NA | 1.78 (2.52) | −2.11 (2.828) | 18 | 93.2 | United Kingdom biobank |
| Blood zinc | 7 | NA | 06 (.07) | −024 (.076) | 29.1 | 94.8 | PMID23720494 |
| Vitamin D intake | 14 | .68 | 6.051 (4.072) | 4.179 (3.851) | 21.9 | 95.8 | United Kingdom biobank |
| Carotene intake | 16 | 2.97 | −038 (.246) | −104 (.24) | 22.7 | 95.2 | United Kingdom biobank |
| Iron intake | 13 | 4.46 | −026 (.292) | −334 (.303) | 23.2 | 95.9 | United Kingdom biobank |
| Calcium intake | 19 | 4.32 | −03 (.233) | 047 (.245) | 22.9 | 95.6 | United Kingdom biobank |
| Folate intake | 14 | 4.15 | 028 (.233) | 203 (.221) | 22.3 | 95.9 | United Kingdom biobank |
| Vitamin B6 intake | 16 | 3.6 | −08 (.347) | −177 (.25) | 22.1 | 95.9 | United Kingdom biobank |
| Vitamin B12 intake | 9 | 1.87 | −721 (.362) | .320 (.292) | 22 | 94.6 | United Kingdom biobank |
| Vitamin E intake | 11 | 3.45 | −21 (.245) | −258 (.352) | 23.5 | 95.5 | United Kingdom biobank |
| Omega-3 status | 49 | 2.87 | 018 (.061) | 022 (.062) | 122.5 | 99.6 | PMID27005778 |
| Omega-6 status | 53 | 5.04 | −054 (.083) | −077 (.088) | 106.4 | 99.1 | PMID27005778 |
| Omega-7, omega-9 and saturated fatty acids | 7 | 2.5 | 07 (.104) | 054 (.099) | 52.7 | 97.7 | PMID27005778 |
| Eicosapentaenoic acid status | 7 | 1.2 | 774 (.484) | 933 (.46) | 24.4 | 97.3 | PMID24816252 |
| Docosahexaenoic acid status | 35 | 1.68 | −418 (.268) | 074 (.286) | 18.8 | 94.7 | PMID24816252 |
| Lifestyle factors | |||||||
| Years of schooling | 305 | 10.65 | −554 (.136) | −149 (.12) | 46.4 | 98.0 | PMID30038396 |
| Stress owing to financial difficulties | 86 | 3.38 | 2.1 (.863) | 1.227 (.868) | 23.6 | 95.8 | United Kingdom biobank |
| Anxiety disorder | 17 | .11 | 21.378 (9.8) | −6.271 (9.669) | 22.6 | 93.4 | United Kingdom biobank |
| Depression | 33 | 1.59 | 1.433 (2.256) | 2.671 (1.878) | 22.6 | 95.8 | United Kingdom biobank |
| Sleep duration | 69 | 7.02 | −333 (.334) | −088 (.292) | 42.3 | 97.7 | United Kingdom biobank |
| Night shift work | 7 | 1.14 | 297 (.291) | 221 (.352) | 22.2 | 96.2 | United Kingdom biobank |
| Snoring | 41 | 5.94 | −486 (.643) | 926 (.69) | 39.7 | 97.5 | United Kingdom biobank |
| Insomnia | 39 | 6.14 | 143 (.421) | 2 (.419) | 52.4 | 97.8 | United Kingdom biobank |
| Years of smoking | 10 | 9.55 | 238 (.273) | 4 (.298) | 68.4 | 98.6 | United Kingdom biobank |
| Heavy physical activity | 17 | 3.46 | −799 (1.34) | −614 (1.261) | 34.6 | 97.1 | United Kingdom biobank |
| Light physical activity | 12 | 3.77 | −2.182 (1.225) | −2.43 (1.211) | 37.6 | 97.5 | United Kingdom biobank |
| Number of days/weeks of vigorous physical activity | 11 | 3.58 | −.386 (.305) | .078 (.32) | 39.5 | 97.5 | United Kingdom biobank |
| Number of days/weeks of moderate physical activity | 18 | 4.01 | −186 (.215) | −319 (.215) | 35.4 | 97.3 | United Kingdom biobank |
| Cardio-metabolic parameters | |||||||
| Body mass index | 432 | 23.32 | −16 (.082) | −1 (.081) | 50.2 | 98.4 | United Kingdom biobank |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 30 | 9.83 | −123 (.212) | −214 (.216) | 46.3 | 97.9 | PMID25673412 |
| Fasting glucose | 30 | 37 | −128 (.224) | 101 (.227) | 102.9 | 99.3 | PMID22885924 |
| Fasting proinsulin | 8 | NA | −02 (.137) | −035 (.13) | 71.3 | 98.9 | PMID21873549 |
| Hemoglobin A1c | 11 | 6.12 | −465 (.41) | 319 (.367) | 71.7 | 98.7 | PMID20858683 |
| Systolic blood pressure | 437 | 12.84 | −004 (.005) | 008 (.005) | 71 | 98.7 | PMID30224653 |
| Diastolic blood pressure | 437 | 12.84 | −016 (.009) | 012 (.008) | 74.7 | 98.7 | PMID30224653 |
| High-density lipoprotein | 326 | 10.32 | −092 (.063) | −103 (.059) | 174 | 99.4 | PMID32203549/United Kingdom Biobank |
| Low-density lipoprotein | 158 | 3.12 | −08 (.074) | −096 (.077) | 228.5 | 99.4 | PMID32203549/United Kingdom Biobank |
| Total cholesterol | 84 | 10.89 | −095 (.067) | −012 (.067) | 178.2 | 99.3 | PMID24097068 |
| Total triglycerides | 12 | 9.94 | −059 (.093) | 05 (.076) | 69 | 98.3 | PMID27005778 |
Beta, The effect size of the exposure on MDD. IVW, inverse variance weighted. MR, Mendelian randomization. Se, standard error. SNP, single nucleotide polymorphisms.